本标准的主要技术内容是：1.总则；2.术语和代码；3.基本规定；4.平台功能；5.平台数据；6.平台运维和安全保障。

本标准共分10章和3个附录，主要内容包括：总则，术语，基本规定，运维模型，运维数据互用与存储，房间运维管理，建筑设备运维管理，医院专用设备运维管理，建筑能耗管理，安防、消防与应急管理等。

本标准共12章6个附录和条文说明，主要内容包括：总则、术语、基本规定、应用环境、应用组织管理、模型创建与管理、可行性研究及规划阶段 BIM 应用、勘察设计阶段 BIM 应用、施工阶段 BIM 应用、运维阶段 BIM 应用、工程造价 BIM 应用、基于 BIM 的大数据应用以及附录、条文说明等。

为进一步完善行业技能专业标准体系，为专业技能人才的教育与培训提供科学、规范的依据，中国图学学会依据当前建筑行业的发展情况，组织相关专家，进行了本标准的编写。BIM(Building Information Modeling)技术是一种应用于工程设计、施工、运维、管理的技术体系，通过对建筑的数据化、信息化模型整合，在项目策划、实施、运行和维护的全生命期过程中进行信息的共享和传递，使工程技术人员对各种建筑信息作出正确理解和高效应对，为设计团队以及包括建设、运营单位在内的各方建设主体提供协同工作的基础，在提高生产效率、节约成本和缩短工期方面发挥重要作用。本标准以现阶段 BIM 技能人员所需水平和要求为目标，在充分考虑经济发展、科技进步和产业结构变化影响的基础上，对 BIM 技能的工作范围、技能要求和知识水平做了明确规定。

本发明公开了一种基于数字孪生的风机安装力学分析方法及系统，包括如下步骤：获取杆件结构的基本信息；根据所述杆件结构的基本信息生成杆件单元集合和荷载集合；根据所述杆件单元集合和所述荷载集合集成压缩稀疏行矩阵格式的整体刚度矩阵与外荷载向量；根据所述整体刚度矩阵和所述外荷载向量，采用共轭梯度法获得整体位移向量；根据所述整体位移向量得到变形后的杆件单元集合；根据所述变形后的杆件单元集合获得杆件结构应力分布结果。本发明加速了矩阵的存储和求解效率，且不损失有效信息，从而兼顾计算精度的同时可有效提升计算效率，实现复杂大型结构的快速建模与计算。

本发明提供一种基坑柔性挡墙墙后有限黏性土主被动土压力模型试验装置，包括：试验台架单元，包括固定钢架、嵌固于固定钢架内的模型箱和透明活动挡板，模型箱内装有与原型黏性土物理力学性质加权平均值等比例相似的模型用黏性土；加卸载单元，包括至少五道位移控制手柄、反力装置及连带的模型墙，位移控制手柄均匀设置在模型墙的埋深方向，位移控制手柄的一侧支架固定在反力装置上，另一侧与模型墙固定连接；接触式及非接触式监测单元，接触式监测单元包括：微型土压力计，微型位移计；非接触式监测单元包括PIV监测单元。可得到多种有限土体宽度条件下，柔性围护结构墙后软弱黏性土主被动土压力和位移规律及大小。

本发明公开一种海面波浪运动的三维模拟方法。通过对海面的形状与位置变化进行分析模拟，将波浪的运动过程划分为高程变化和水平移动两个子过程。对于高程变化，使用基于固定水平网格以及海面高程函数映射的方法得到三维网格，并给出顶点法方向的计算方式以实现海面波浪的光滑曲面显示；对于水平移动，提出基于贴图映射以及水质点移动速度的三维网格顶点颜色变化方法，实现海面水流在水平方向上运动的显示。基于所提出的模拟方法，本发明还实现了一种三维海浪动态模拟装置，包含水平网格生成、三维顶点管理、点法方向计算、贴图坐标更新以及结果展示5个模块，可支持多种形式海面波浪的三维动态可视化。相比已有技术，本发明能够应用于包括实测波浪、规则波以及随机波等多种类型波浪的三维动态模拟与可视化，能够支持不同范围、不同精度以及复杂情形下水平网格的划分，具有良好的可扩展性，为海面波浪的仿真提供了高效、可靠的方法与便捷的工具，为海洋生态环境、海洋工程、海洋交通运输等海洋产业中的信息数字化与可视化等应用提供了基础。

本发明公开一种基于词典匹配的实体标注方法、模块及装置，包括：将实体词语按小至大排成有序词典；为实体词语建立前向索引条F，F中第i个元素为实体词语前i个字符在有序词典中的最大前缀；将句子s按大小插入有序词典，利用有序词典中比句子s小的最大实体词语作为最大公共前缀基词w，计算s与w的前x个相同的字符，进而得到句子s在有序词典最大前缀；利用最大前缀标注信息对句子s的对应实体词语添加标注信息，并将其从s中切出，否则将s中第一个字切出，将切出后剩余部分作为句子s，重复以上步骤，直到s为空字符串。本发明经过一次二分搜索就能得到一个切分实体，进而得到预标注结果，通过这种预标注方法来减少用户的重复性劳动。

本发明提供一种基于浓度分析的水体污染扩散模拟预测方法和装置，该方法包括：将模拟区域按小方格进行网格划分，对于每一个网格用一个数值记录其中心处的污染物浓度，所有网格对应的数值构成代表污染物分布的浓度矩阵，计算每个网格的污染物浓度变化；其中，将污染物的浓度变化过程划分为三个独立的子过程，即，迁移过程、分散过程和衰减过程，分析计算每个子过程导致的浓度矩阵变化，再将子过程进行叠加以得到污染物扩散过程，相应地更新浓度矩阵；依时间步长不断迭代计算浓度矩阵，以浓度矩阵中的数值表征相应网格区域处的污染物浓度，从而实现污染物扩散过程的模拟预测。本专利能够实现水体特别是大范围水体（如海洋）中多种污染物的高效扩散模拟预测。

本发明提供一种基于粒子运动的水体污染扩散模拟预测方法和装置，该方法包括将模拟区域中的污染物分成大量的污染物微粒，计算每个污染物微粒的运动状态变化；其中，将污染物微粒的运动状态变化过程分解成三个独立的子过程，即，定向运动、随机运动和随机衰减，通过对每个子过程进行单独计算分析，最后将子过程进行叠加以得到污染物微粒的整个扩散过程；将污染物微粒的扩散过程不断迭代，并在选定的时间点对模拟区域的子区域内的污染物微粒进行计数，以各子区域内的微粒数量表征相应处的污染物浓度。本专利能够实现水体特别是大范围水体（如海洋）中多种污染物的高效扩散模拟，从而解决污染物的扩散过程、浓度分布以及扩散路径的分析与预测问题。

本实用新型专利是课题组与深圳市地铁集团有限公司合作的，提供一种基坑柔性挡墙墙后有限黏性土主被动土压力模型试验装置。针对当前工程实践活动中普遍遇到的软弱黏性土地层特征，以及密集环境中邻近大刚度既有地下结构的基坑工程围护结构多种变形模式，通过使用与原型黏性土物理力学性质加权平均值等比例相似的模型用黏性土，采用透明活动挡板和凹槽控制有限土体宽度，采用位移控制手柄精确控制用于模拟基坑围护结构的模型墙变形模式和位移大小，得到多种有限土体宽度条件下，软弱黏性土主被动土压力和位移的规律及大小。该实用新型专利对密集地下空间中基坑工程变形、受力和稳定性研究具有一定的工程应用价值和参考意义。

本发明属于建筑业信息技术领域，为建筑信息模型(Building Information Model，BIM)的创建和应用，提供一种基于IFC标准的建筑信息模型数据集成与交换引擎装置和方法。以基于IFC标准和关系型数据库建立的BIM数据库为基础，实现IFC格式BIM解析，非IFC格式建筑信息转化，BIM子模型的提取和集成，BIM数据存储、交换以及访问控制，该引擎装置包括IFC实体库、IFC文件解析器、IFC几何模型转化器、Project-IFC转化器、BIM子模型集成器、BIM子模型提取器、数据访问控制器、BIM数据存储器、BIM数据提取器以及IFC文件生成器等组件。本发明支持多种格式的BIM数据转化，可实现面向建筑生命期各阶段或不同应用的BIM数据集成与交换。采用数据批量处理技术，有效提高了BIM数据集成与交换的效率。

本系统主要面向海洋浮式风力发电机的结构健康监测，提供用于查看浮式风机结构状态、进行浮式风机结构模拟等功能的平台。通过本系统，用户可以通过三维交互的方式浏览浮式风机的各个部分，对浮式风机的整体与局部状态产生直观的认识；用户也可以在交互界面对浮式风机相关的结构进行模拟分析，实现对风机结构性能的整体把控。本系统主要由数据管理模块、结构受力分析模块、三维图形显示模块、用户交互界面模块组成。其中，数据管理模块从三维模型文件或传感监测数据文件中提取并管理所需的模型与监测数据；结构受力分析模块用于计算结构在给定荷载工况下的变形与应力分布等；三维图形显示模块实现三维模型以及结构状态的实时可视化；用户交互界面模块用于处理鼠标、键盘等用户输入，并实现三维模型的交互式展示。

本平台服务于乡村住宅设计建造过程中的各参与方，包括设计方、施工方与业主方（村民），提供住宅设计建造模型的录入、管理、交换与可视化等一系列信息服务，从而提升乡村住宅设计建造过程的信息化水平。通过该平台，乡村住宅项目各参与方可共享设计建造方案，并实现多源、多格式设计成果的云端管理；同时，平台可实现Web端多尺度设计建造数据的无缝浏览，并配备有一系列几何优化算法，支持大场景下复杂几何模型的高效显示。平台由数据管理后端与可视化前端两个模块组成，基于B/S架构实现。其中，数据管理后端基于ASP.NET开发框架构建，负责对乡村住宅设计建造数据的采集、解析、集成与存储。可视化前端基于Cesium项目实现，实现三维空间下乡村住宅设计建造数据的可视化与用户交互。

本系统主要面向建筑机电（MEP，mechanical, electrical and plumbing）领域内知识工程相关的工作人员，为他们提供一个完整易用的、可以对MEP领域文本进行自动处理和知识获取的流式web服务，并提供了必要的可视化功能，用于对获取的知识进行可视化的展示和交互。通过本系统，用户可以方便地调用接口，以进行一次完整的MEP文本分析和知识获取流程；同时，用户可以通过交互式的浏览从文本中获取的图结构知识，对从MEP文本中获取的关键信息产生直观认识；用户也可以更方便地对图数据库中积累的所有图结构知识进行检索，降低用户在图数据库操作方面的门槛。本系统基于B/S前后端架构，主要由文本流处理处理模块、数据管理模块和用户交互界面模块组成，其中，文本流处理模块作为核心，负责对输入MEP文本的解析和知识获取工作，从文本中获取结构化的三元组列表，并对下传输到数据管理模块进行持久化储存，对上返回到用户交互界面模块进行可视化展示；数据管理模块负责所有的数据库相关操作；用户交互界面模块负责前端的鼠标、键盘操作和可视化展示。

本系统主要面向与海洋领域相关的各类工作人员，提供用于浏览、查询多种海洋大气及波浪等环境信息数据的平台。通过本系统，用户可以通过三维交互的方式浏览环境数据在全球的分布，对海洋环境随区域的变化趋势产生直观的认识；用户也可直接在交互界面查询任意位置的环境数据，降低海洋环境信息数据检索和读取的门槛。本系统主要由数据管理模块、三维图形处理模块、用户交互界面模块组成。其中，数据管理模块从netCDF（network Common Data Form，网络通用数据模块）文件中提取并管理所需的环境信息数据；三维图形显示模块控制三维地球云图的生成及环境数据的可视化处理；用户交互界面模块用于处理鼠标、键盘等用户输入，并进行三维图形的最终展示。

系统面向建筑设计与运维人员，提供用于发起、执行建筑群风环境与污染物扩散模拟，并浏览模拟结果的平台。通过本系统，用户可以交互式地发起建筑群风环境与污染物扩散模拟，而无需关注数据获取与数值计算的具体细节，从而降低建筑群风环境与污染物扩散模拟的技术门槛，提升建筑设计与运维阶段信息化水平。系统由数据管理、模拟计算与前端交互三个模块组成。基于B/S架构，系统将繁重的模拟计算任务部署于服务器端完成，降低了用户端计算能力需求。其中，数据管理模块基于地理信息系统（GIS）技术，实现对风环境与污染物扩散分析所需数据的自动提取、集成与存储。模拟计算模块基于中尺度气象模型（MMM）与计算流体力学（CFD）模型，实现模拟任务的自动发起、参数调优与任务调度。前端交互模块通过Web与用户交互，提供了结果可视化功能。

软件实现了从多源异构的能耗监测系统中的标准化动态能耗数据的提取。针对当前不同厂家的能耗监测系统采用不同的数据格式，基本互不兼容从而造成大量数据浪费，且当前的能耗数据导则不足以覆盖日益增长的能耗数据分析需求的局面，本软件提出了面向动态监测的能耗数据模型，通过实现数据模型中的数据接口与数据结构实现多源异构数据的集成。在实现上通过搭建能耗监测系统与云端数据库中间的中继数据服务器的方式，将异构数据进行整理和集成为标准化能耗大数据。该软件目前已经收集了全国各地三百余栋大型公共建筑的数据，覆盖建筑面积上千万平方米，为建筑能耗分析和预测等应用提供了大量有价值的数据。

本软件名称为基于BIM的大型公共建筑运维期安全管理平台（BIM-based Safety Management Platform for large public buildings，简称BIM-SMP），为大型公共建筑运维期安全信息模型的创建和应用提供一套完整的软件平台支持。BIM-SMP是一款面向大型公共建筑的运维期的BIM应用软件。主要功能软件均以插件的形式挂接到主平台上，可以根据自己的需求自主开发插件。本系统主要包含以下功能模块：1)	主应用平台：包括基本的用户界面、登录注销、视图、导航等界面，同时包含自主开发的BIM环境。2)	项目属性与管理：管理项目、子项目及BIM关联的各类属性信息。3)	建筑设备安全管理：实现建筑设备及自动控制系统的信息获取与集成、实时监控结果的动态显示、运行状态分析与预警等。4)	结构安全管理：引入物联网技术，通过智能传感器布设，获取住宅结构安全性能信息，通过数据扩展方式与原有的BIM模型实现异构信息的整合，实现结构安全性能动态监测与评价。5)	人员安全管理：基于人工智能的大型公共建筑人员动态疏散的研究成果，提供了人员安全模型建立、动态疏散策略功能、人员安全可视化等实用功能。

1.基于IFC等接口集成设计施工信息，建立统一的运维数据库，实现基于BIM的产品化绿色住宅运维数据管理与共享,运维管理的可视化和网络化；2.基于多层次的运维数据管理技术，实现基于BIM的产品化绿色住宅物业管理，包括机电信息管理、维护维修管理、成本管理、运维知识库和应急管理等；3.提供多种数据接口，实现BIM与BAS、传感器等监测信息的集成，实现建筑设备及自动控制系统的信息获取与集成、实时监控结果的动态显示、运行状态分析与预警等；4.通过集成IES-VE分析数据与实时能耗监控数据，实现对建筑各系统能耗的监控与统计，对住宅建筑能耗状态进行评估，实现基于BIM的产品化绿色住宅能耗等绿色性能指标的监控和评价;5.通过物联网技术和智能传感器，实现结构全性能动态监测与评价。

实现4D模型与施工安全质量数据的集成、4D可视化模拟、施工安全监测、施工安全分析、安全风险识别与质量管控

1）系统将BIM模型属性和各类附件分别用相应格式的文档统一存储，并提供了分类、搜索、查询、统计的功能。为运维人员查询设备信息，修改设备状态，追溯设备历史、查看文档附件信息等需求，提供了方便快捷的查询、编辑和分析工具，做到了海量文档信息的高效利用和管理。 2）运维知识库功能提供了包括操作规程、培训资料等知识文档，运维人员可根据自己的需要，在遇到运维难题时快速查找和学习。 3）针对移动端对文档信息查询的需要，专门开发了相应的APP。利用二维编码技术以及多维可视化BIM平台可以在移动端做到文档信息的动态显示与查询分析。运维人员可以通过PDA，在户外维护现场快速扫描和查询设备的详细信息、查看维护日志，解决当前问题。

提供了IFC数据接口引擎、Excel工程信息录入接口引擎，支持设计、施工和运维阶段以及与其他应用系统之间的信息共享；基于BIM技术和网络环境的多维可视化平台，实现了运维管理的网络化以及跨平台的BIM运维数据共享；在系统v1.0版本的基础上重构，进一步增强和完善了电脑端和移动端的运维管理功能，包括图纸、附件、操作规程、培训资料和模拟操作等运维知识管理功能，维护计划编制、维护日志、维修管理、应急事件处理等日常维护工作的信息管理功能以及信息检索、统计和报表功能；通过构件编码生成二维码标签，并在移动终端实现二维码的扫描、解码和信息提取，实现快速地构件识别、定位和应急处理；基于自主开发的OpenGL图形平台，解决了大型工程3D模型显示效率的瓶颈问题；提供了BIM系统与智能传感器、机电设备监测系统的集成接口，实现BIM模型上监测信息显示、历史监测信息查询、监测信息管理和机电信息查询等功能；通过BIM与图像识别技术的集成，实现BIM智能停车管理系统，包括车牌识别、基于BIM模型的车位状态显示、最优出入停车场路径规划等功能。

Unitive-BIM系统应用BIM技术，通过研究不同有限元分析软件信息模型的异同，实现各分析模型与BIM模型之间的双向数据接口，开发出结构分析模型转换系统，实现不同模型之间的信息转换，保证了不同结构分析软件间信息的一致，摆脱之前繁琐的、重复性的建模工作，大大提高了结构分析过程的效率。

基于BIM的建筑工厂化（设计、加工、仓储）管理系统（BIM-FC）采用BIM技术，通过将各业务流程中产生的信息集成到BIM模型中，为项目多参与方提供协同工作平台，辅助BIM深化设计、预制构件信息管理、预制构件编码、预制构件加工以及现场装配组合管理等功能。本软件将深化设计、预制加工、材料管理、物流运输、现场施工等各个环节有效链接，多参与方协同工作，提高项目管理工作效率，并且提出了业务管理流程以及预制组合拼装中合理运用BIM的技术手段和方法，使现场装配组合更加合理有序，具有良好通用性。

基于BIM的机电设备设施管理系统（BIM-FIM）引入建筑业国际标准IFC，通过建立机电设备信息模型（MEP-BIM），实现机电设备安装过程和运维阶段的信息共享，并支持在安装完成后将设备实体和虚拟的MEP-BIM一起集成交付给业主。同时作为机电设备信息化运维管理平台，为运维人员提供高效的运维手段，以保障所有机电设备及其各子系统的安全运行。系统可用于各种建筑工程的机电设备运维期管理。

基于建筑信息模型的建筑工程4D施工安全与冲突分析系统（BIM-based 4D Construction Safety and Conflict Analysis System，简称4DBIM-COSCAS）结合我国建筑施工安全分析与管理的实际需求，通过建立基于IFC标准的4D施工安全信息模型，实现建筑设计、结构分析和施工管理的信息共享与集成管理，提供了施工过程安全检查评分、施工过程时变结构和支撑体系的动态安全分析、施工进度/资源/成本费用的冲突分析与管理以及场地设施动态碰撞检测等功能，在4D动态施工管理和过程模拟中实现了施工安全与冲突分析。系统可用于各种建筑工程的施工安全分析和管理，尤其适用于大型、复杂工程。

High offshore installation costs are a significant factor limiting the competitiveness of offshore wind energy. One efficient installation approach for floating offshore wind turbines is to preassemble the tower, nacelle, and rotor onshore and perform a single lifting operation to mate the superstructure with the floating foundation at the installation site. It is heavy lifting, due to the weighty payload. At the end of the mating process, a loadoff operation is conducted to transfer the preassembly to the floating foundation. It results in a sudden change in total force acting on the vessel and causes substantial acceleration and potential damage to the mechanism in the onboard nacelles. The magnitude of acceleration of the onboard nacelles can vary greatly at different release instants. In this research, a simplified two-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) (heave and pitch) model is also proposed to account for the heavy lifting process and variable ballast tanks. The sudden payload transfer is approximated using a hyperbolic tangent function to guarantee continuity and differentiability. The loadoff operation consists of the decision-making and vessel-stabilizing phases. Based on the nonlinear model predictive control method, a payload-transfer time selector and anti-pitch ballast controller have been developed to achieve optimal release time decisions and stabilize the vessel after payload release, respectively. Six-DOF simulation results show that the proposed algorithms are capable to a satisfying level of robustness of deciding the optimal payload release time instant, as well as limiting the peak and mean acceleration magnitudes of the onboard nacelles after payload release. The decision-making and control strategies may promote the sustainable energy transformation by extending the operation window and reduce the installation costs.

As global warming intensifies, the development of offshore wind farms is swiftly progressing, especially deep-water Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs) capable of energy capture in deep-sea regions, which have emerged as a focal point of both academic and industrial interest. Although numerous researchers have conducted comprehensive and multifaceted studies on various components of wind turbines, less attention has been paid to the operational stage responses of FOWTs to wind, waves, and currents and the reliability of their structural components. This study primarily employs a theoretical analysis to establish mathematical models under a series of reasonable assumptions, examining the possibility of collisions between FOWT transport fleets and other vessels in the passage area during the towing process. Using the model, this paper takes the Wanning Floating Offshore Wind Farm (FOWF) project, which is scheduled to be deployed in the South China Sea, as its research object and calculates the probability of collisions between FOWTs and other vessels in three months from the pier near Wanning, Hainan, to a predetermined position 22 km away. The findings of the analysis indicate that the mathematical model developed in this study integrates the quantities and velocities of navigational vessels within the target maritime area as well as the speeds, routes, and schedules of the FOWT transport fleet. By employing statistical techniques and geometric calculations, the model can determine the frequency of collisions between various types of vessels and the FOWT transport fleet during the transportation period. This has substantial relevance for future risk assessments and disaster prevention and mitigation measures in the context of FOWT transportation.

The rapid development of coastal economies has aggravated the problem of pollution in the coastal water bodies of various countries. Numerous incidents of massive-scale marine life deaths have been reported because of the excessive discharge of industrial and agricultural wastewater. To investigate the diffusion of typical pollutants after discharge, in this study, a multi-process fusion simulation analysis model of pollutants under the action of ocean currents was established based on the concentration analysis method. Furthermore, key technologies involved, such as the parameter value, data selection, and visualization, were investigated. The iterative analysis and programming realization of three independent sub-processes, such as pollutant diffusion and transport, and the drift path and concentration distribution of pollutants after their discharge into the sea, were visualized. The case study revealed that the increase in the concentration of pollutants in the ocean was affected by the diffusion sub-process, and the transport sub-process plays a critical role in the long-distance transport of pollutants. The proposed method can provide technical support for marine environmental risk assessment and dynamic tracking of marine pollutants.

It is currently a prevailing trend to adopt clean energies instead of traditional ones due to the global climate change caused by carbon emissions. Offshore wind farms, in particular, have emerged as a crucial source of renewable energy, owing to their benefits such as no land occupation and abundant resources. However, the design, installation, operation, and maintenance (O&M) of floating wind turbines (FWTs) involve multiple sources of heterogeneous data, which pose challenges to data integration and management, as well as to the simulation and analysis of FWTs. To address this issue, this study proposes a unified framework based on digital twin (DT) to acquire and integrate diverse types of information used throughout the entire life cycle of FWTs. A digital 3D model serves as a medium to enable real-time synchronization and inversion of sensor data, facilitating the simulation and analysis of the global state of FWTs. The proposed framework is evaluated through a case study of a twin-barge float-over project, which includes process simulation, mechanical analysis, and anomaly identification. The results demonstrate that DT can facilitate timely monitoring and analysis of FWTs, and enable visualization of construction plans, early warning of structural abnormalities, and accurate recognition of FWT posture and marine environment. The case study validates the efficacy of the proposed framework in ensuring personnel and equipment safety, optimizing project plans, and improving construction efficiency.

The performances of construction supervisors are essential for the monitoring, control, and coordination of the construction process of a project in order to adhere to a predefined schedule, cost, quality and other factors. However, it is challenging to evaluate their performance due to limitations such as data deficiency, human error, etc. Thus, this paper proposes an approach to data-driven quantitative performance evaluation of construction supervisors by integrating an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and activity tracking. The proposed approach contains three parts, namely, index extraction, weighting, data-driven index calculation, and then validation by case study. Firstly, performance indexes were developed based on a literature review as well as surveys and function analysis of the information system for construction supervision (CSI system). Then, the weights of and relationships among of the indexes are determined by AHP. After that, with daily workflow and inspection activities tracked in the CSI system, a method and a software module for automatic calculation of indexes were developed. Lastly, the proposed approach was validated by a real-world case. The result showed that the proposed approach can quantify the performance of a construction supervisor systematically and automatically, which shed lights on how to evaluate the performance of a worker based on the tracking of daily activities. The data-driven process enhanced our strong interpretation of member actions and evaluation indexes, and can boost the performance of every member in an organization.

Mooring is a widely used stationkeeping approach for floating structures. The main contribution of thispaper is to propose a novel localization scheme, which provides additional real-time position references and estimates the unknown anchor positions to a moored structure simultaneously using tension measurements from the mooring monitoring system. The proposed method enhances the safety of moored floating structures by extracting redundant position information from tension measurements instead of using satellite signals. A line-of-sight model that transforms tension measurements into range signals is developed. Fairleads, turret dynamics, and slow-varying current profiles are considered to provide a more realistic and robust tension-based localization scheme than early research. A distance-only sensor network is constructed, and graph rigidity theory is applied to analyze its topological observability. Two simplified models are presented for some specific applications: (1) to find the broken anchors offline with stored data for any vessels equipped with tension cells and (2) to position the moored structures with known anchor positions. Sensitivity studies show that theinfluence of unknown surface current is small, while the effects of unknown current profiles are larger. The positioning accuracy can be improved by increasing the number of virtual vessels.

 In the new era of Construction 4.0, the application of a large number of intelligent information technologies (ITs) and advanced managerial approaches have brought about the rapid development of intelligent construction management (ICM). However, it is still unclear how to assess the maturity of ICM. In this study, a maturity assessment system for ICM was formulated through literature reviews, questionnaires, expert discussions and a case study. A maturity scoring table containing five assessment dimensions and twenty assessment indicators was developed, and corresponding maturity levels and a radar chart of dimensions were designed. A case study of theassessments of two construction enterprises was conducted to validate that the proposed assessment system could be used by construction enterprises to quantitatively assess their ICM maturities and obtain both overall and specific assessment results. This study also proposed practical improvement methods to improve ICM maturities for construction enterprises with different maturity levels. Furthermore, the study also discussed the development direction of ICM at present and in the short-term future, which should be paid more attention to by the construction industry.

Simulation of pollutant dispersion and wind environment is of significant importance to the safety and health of pedestrians and residents. However, the high threshold of data collection and model configuration has hindered its application in the building industry. To address the problem, this paper proposes a Micro-in-Meso-scale (MiM) simulation framework for automatic and foolproof pollutant dispersion and wind environment simulation. The meso-scale Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model is first carried out to obtain city-level meteorology data with sufficient resolution. The micro-scale Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is then initialized to simulate pollutant dispersion and wind environment in building groups. The two models are coupled where the numerical results of WRF are provided to CFD for the configuration of boundary conditions. Fluid dynamics knowledge and spatial characteristics of building groups are also embedded in the model to lower the threshold of performing atmospheric simulations. A Geographic Information System (GIS)-based data management module is established simultaneously to achieve automatic collection, processing and management of raw data for simulation. The conversion algorithm of GIS data is further implemented to achieve the automatic generation of the CFD domain. Finally, the framework is developed to embed the data module and simulation module, and provide an easy-to-operate environment for building industry personnel. The framework is validated by data of actual building groups in four major cities in China. The test results illustrate the efficiency and feasibility of the platform. The study is expected to enhance the application of wind environment simulation in building industries.

The operability of service operation vessels (SOV) is highly concerned with the cost, schedule, and weather window to the operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms. SWATH (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull) vessel is introduced as a novel application as SOV to be deployed off the coast of southeastern China,an investigation into the operability for walk-to-work (W2W) on-site service using the new type of vessel is conducted in this study. The features of SWATH’s motion behavior are discussed by performing a seakeeping analysis, which is compared to a similar size monohull SOV. W2W operation and various operational limits associated with vessel and gangway dynamic response are modeled by the numerical method established in the frequency domain. Considering different W2W transfer approaches and wave headings, an in-depth analysis regarding the limiting wave height is carried out, the operability of three sites off the southeastern coast of China is predicted. SWATH demonstrates the excellent operability for both transversal and longitudinal transfer approaches as well as the robustness against arbitrary wave heading. The fuel consumption under the high sea-state shows higher usage compared to the monohull by a qualitative estimation using the second-order mean drift forces. With the average operability greater than 95% in the study, SWATH has proven to be an attractive type of vessel against monohull whose operability may drop to 60% to 80% in case of unfavorable heading or transfer approach. Due to lack of damping, the optimization of SWATH geometry and proper damping device may help further improve the operability by suppressing resonant heave and roll.

Information extraction (IE), which aims to retrieve meaningful information from plain text, has been widely studied in general and professional domains to support downstream applications. However, due to the lack of labeled data and the complexity of professional mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) information, it is challenging to apply current common deep learning IE methods to the MEP domain. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a rule-based approach for MEP IE task, including a “snowball” strategy to collect large-scale MEP corpora, a suffix-based matching algorithm on text segments for named entity recognition (NER), and a dependency-path-based matching algorithm on dependency tree for relationship extraction (RE). 2 ideas called “meta linking” and “path filtering” for RE are proposed as well, to discover the out-of-pattern entities/relationships as many as possible. To verify the feasibility of the proposed approach, 65 MB MEP corpora have been collected as input of the proposed approach and an MEP semantic web which consists of 15,978 entities and 65,110 relationship triples established, with an accuracy of 81% to entities and 75% to relationship triples, respectively. A comparison experiment between classical deep learning models and the proposed rule-based approach was carried out, illustrating that the performance of our method is 37% and 49% better than the selected deep learning NER and RE models, respectively, in the aspect of extraction precision.

Site planning and building design results are generally managed in Geographic Information System (GIS) and Building Information Modeling/Model (BIM) separately. The incompatibility of data has brought potential challenges for the assessment and delivery of the results. A data integration and simplification framework for improving site planning and building design is proposed in this paper. A BIM-GIS integrated model with a multi-scale data structure is developed to link the results of site planning and building design together. Geometric optimization algorithms are then designed to generate simplified building models with different levels of details (LODs) based on the information required at each scale. This paper provides a feasible way to integrate planning and design data from different sources to enhance the evaluation and delivery of the results. The proposed approach is validated by a village construction project in east China, and results show that the method is capable to integrate site planning and building design results from different platforms and support seamless visualization of multi-scale geometric data. It is also found that a seamless database facilitates understanding of planning and design results and improves communication efficiency. Currently, the main limitation of this paper is the limited access to 3D real-world data, and data collection techniques like point cloud are expected to solve the problem.

Site planning and building design results are generally managed in Geographic Information System (GIS) and Building Information Modeling/Model (BIM) separately. The incompatibility of data has brought potential challenges for the assessment and delivery of the results. A data integration and simplification framework for improving site planning and building design is proposed in this paper. A BIM-GIS integrated model with a multi-scale data structure is developed to link the results of site planning and building design together. Geometric optimization algorithms are then designed to generate simplified building models with different levels of details (LODs) based on the information required at each scale. This paper provides a feasible way to integrate planning and design data from different sources to enhance the evaluation and delivery of the results. The proposed approach is validated by a village construction project in east China, and results show that the method is capable to integrate site planning and building design results from different platforms and support seamless visualization of multi-scale geometric data. It is also found that a seamless database facilitates understanding of planning and design results and improves communication efficiency. Currently, the main limitation of this paper is the limited access to 3D real-world data, and data collection techniques like point cloud are expected to solve the problem.

Accurate fire load (combustible objects) information is crucial for safety design and resilience assessment of buildings. Traditional fire load acquisition methods, such as fire load survey, which are timeconsuming, tedious, and error-prone, failed to adapt to dynamic changed indoor scenes. As a starting point of automatic fire load estimation, fast recognition and detection of indoor fire load are important. Thus,this research proposes a computer vision-based method to automatically detect indoor fire loads using deep learning-based instance segmentation. First, indoor elements are classified into different categories according to their material composition. Next, an image dataset of indoor scenes with instance annotations is developed. Finally, a deep learning model, based on Mask R-CNN, is developed and trained using transfer learning to detect fire loads in images. Experimental results show that our model achieves promising accuracy, as measured by an average precision (AP) of 40.5% and AP50 of 59.2%, for instance segmentation on the dataset. A comparison with manual detection demonstrates the method’s high efficiency as it can detect fire load 1200 times faster than humans. This research contributes to the body of knowledge 1) a novel method of high accuracy and efficiency for automated fire load recognition in indoor environments based on instance segmentation; 2) training techniques for a deep learning model in a relatively small dataset of indoor images which includes complex scenes and a variety of instances; and 3) an image dataset with annotations of indoor fire loads. Although instance segmentation has been applied for several years, this is a pioneering research on using it for automated indoor fire load recognition, which paves the foundation for automatic fire load estimation and resilience assessment for the built environment.

In the past, knowledge in the fields of Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industries mainly come from experiences and are documented in hard copies or specific electronic databases. In order to make use of this knowledge, a lot of studies have focused on retrieving and storing this knowledge in a systematic and accessible way. The Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology proves to be a valuable media in extracting data because it provides physical and functional digital models for all the facilities within the life-cycle of the project. Therefore, the combination of the knowledge science with BIM shows great potential in constructing the knowledge map in the field of the AEC industry. Based on literature reviews, this article summarizes the latest achievements in the fields of knowledge science and BIM, in the aspects of (1) knowledge description, (2) knowledge discovery, (3) knowledge storage and management, (4) knowledge inference and (5) knowledge application, to show the state-of-arts and suggests the future directions in the application of knowledge science and BIM technology in the fields of AEC industries. The review indicates that BIM is capable of providing information for knowledge extraction and discovery, by adopting semantic network, knowledge graph and some other related methods. It also illustrates that the knowledge is helpful in the design, construction, operation and maintenance periods of the AEC industry, but now it is only at the beginning stage.

Buildings consume a large proportion of global primary energy and building performance management requires massive data inputs. Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is a tool used for comparing different buildings while avoiding problems caused by heterogeneous data sources. However, silos of building and energy consumption data are separate, and the linkages between a KPI formula and different data sets are often non-existent. This paper develops an ontology-based approach for automatically calculating the KPI to support building energy evaluation. The proposed approach integrates building information from BIM and energy and environmental information collected by sensor networks. A KPI ontology is developed to establish a KPI formula, thereby linking static and dynamic data generated in the building operation phase. Each KPI can be defined by inputs, a formula and outputs, and the formula consists of parameters and operators. The parameters can be linked to building data or transformed into a SPARQL query. A case study is investigated based on the proposed approach, and the KPIs for energy and environment are calculated for a real building project. The result shows that this approach relates the KPI formula to the data generated in the building operation phase and can automatically give the result after defining the space and time of interest, thus supporting building performance benchmarking with massive data sets at different levels of details. This research proposes a novel approach to integrating the KPI formula and linked building data from a semantic perspective, and other researchers can use this approach as a foundation for linking data from different sources and computational methods such as formula created for building performance evaluation.

Buildings account for a majority of the primary energy consumption of the human society, therefore, analyses of building energy consumption monitoring data are of significance to the discovery of anomalous energy usage patterns, saving of building utility expenditures, and contribution to the greater environmental protection effort. This paper presents a unified framework for the automatic extraction and integration of building energy consumption data from heterogeneous building management systems, along with building static data from building information models to serve analysis applications. This paper also proposes a diagnosis framework based on density-based clustering and artificial neural network regression using the integrated data to identify anomalous energy usages. The framework and the methods have been implemented and validated from data collected from a multitude of large-scale public buildings across China.

As an essential way to ensure success of construction projects, on-site inspection involves intensive paperwork, while generating large amounts of textual data. Lack of understanding of information hidden in text-based inspection records always leads to overlooking of important issues and deferred decisions. Therefore, a novel text mining approach based on keyword extraction and topic modeling is introduced to identify key concerns and their dynamics of on-site issues for better decision-making process. Then, the proposed approach was demonstrated in a real world project and tested with 7250 issue records. Results showed that the proposed method could successfully extract key concerns hidden in texts and identify their changes with time, thereby enabling a more efficient on-site inspection and data-centric decisionmaking process. This research contributes: (1) to the body of knowledge a new framework for discovering key concerns and their changes with time in texts, and (2) to the state of practice by providing insights on hot topics and their changes with time to reduce on-site issues and make decisions efficiently.

In the present study, a novel probabilistic approach is proposed to optimize a stand-alone hybrid wind-photovoltaic renewable energy system installed in the South China Sea. This approach uses the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) as the objective and the stability of the power generation as the constraint. In addition, the present study proposes a model of a battery-level coefficient, based on which the battery capacity can be probabilistically estimated, given the expected power shortage in a given continuous duration. This model discusses the optimization employing genetic algorithm (GA) when the model estimating the power generated from a hybrid wind- photovoltaic power system (HWPS) with a specific configuration is combined with the widely used cost model. The optimization verifies that the proposed probabilistic approach provides reasonable estimates of the power generation of a hybrid system in an optimization process. The verification reveals that the specifications of the duration to calculate the expected power shortage could have significant impacts on the estimates of power generations. Consequently, the present study performs a sensitivity analysis concerning the continuous power deficit days. The optimization and sensitivity analyses both indicate that the well-established loss of power supply probability (LPSP) criterion of 1% should not be applied universally across the South China Sea. In the areas with more stable winds and solar resources, the LPSP criterion can be relaxed when only the power deficit duration is concerned.

Tunnel engineering is one of the typical megaprojects given its long construction period, high construction costs and potential risks. Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) are widely used in tunnel engineering to improve work efficiency and safety. During the tunneling process, large amount of monitoring data has been recorded by TBMs to ensure construction safety. Analysis of the massive real-time monitoring data still lacks sufficiently effective methods and needs to be done manually in many cases, which brings potential dangers to construction safety. This paper proposes a hybrid data mining (DM) approach to process the realtime monitoring data from TBM automatically. Three different DM techniques are combined to improve mining process and support safety management process. In order to provide people with the experience required for on-site abnormal judgement, association rule algorithm is carried out to extract relationships among TBM parameters. To supplement the formation information required for construction decisionmaking process, a decision tree model is developed to classify formation data. Finally, the rate of penetration (ROP) is evaluated by neural network models to find abnormal data and give early warning. The proposed method was applied to a tunnel project in China and the application results verified that the method provided an accurate and efficient way to analyze real-time TBM monitoring data for safety management during TBM construction.

For c-φ soil formation (cohesive soil) of limited width with ground surface overload behind a deep retaining structure, a modified active earth pressure calculation model is established in this study. And three key issues are addressed through improved soil arching effect. First, the soil-wall interaction mechanism is determined by considering the soil arching effect. The slip surface of a limited soil is proved to be a double-fold line passing through the retaining wall toe and intersecting the side wall of the existing underground structure until it reaches the ground surface along the existing side wall. Second, the limited width boundary is explicated. And third, the variation in the active earth pressure from parameters of limited c-φ soil is determined. The lateral active earth pressure coefficient is nonlinear distributed based on the improved soil arching effect of the symmetric catenary curve. Furthermore, the active earth pressure distribution, the tension crack at the top of the retaining wall and the resultant force and its action point were obtained. By comparing with the existing analytical methods, such as the Rankine method, it demonstrates that the model proposed in this study is much closer to the measured and numerical results. Ignoring the influence of soil cohesion and the limited width will exponentially reduce the overall stability of the retaining structure and increase the risk of accidents.

In order to investigate and predict dynamics and developments of the tropical cyclone boundary layer (TCBL), theoretical and engineering models depicting the TCBL wind field are of great academic and practical interest. In the present study, a linear height-resolving model, where the vertically varying turbulent diffusivity (K) and speed dependent surface drag coefficient (Cd) parameterizations are incorporated, is proposed based on the original model proposed by Kepert (2001). The proposed model is validated through comparisons with the estimates made based on the observational data gathered by dropsondes. As the more realistic and sophisticated parameterizations are integrated, the proposed model produces predictions in better agreements with observations in the lower part of the TCBL. It is noted that the value of the proposed model is not only the improvements over the original model by Kepert (2001), but also the room for more sophisticated K and Cd parameterizations. With the help of the proposed model, it is feasible to discern the fundamental relationships between K and Cd parameterizations and the TCBL wind field in a parametric study. As the first step, a few K and Cd parameterizations are implemented in the proposed model, and their influences on the prediction of the TCBL wind field are systematically discussed. It is concluded that, whereas the prediction of the TCBL wind field is sensitive to the parameterization of K, Cd has limited effects on the prediction. Moreover, assuming K and Cd as constants could lead to erroneous estimates of the wind profile and strength of surface winds in the TCBL.

With the development of modern information technologies and more frequent utilization of information systems to operation and maintenance (O&M) management, a great amount of O&M data are collected nowadays. However, because of the large volume and poor quality, as well as a lack of effective data analysis techniques, these data are rarely analyzed and translated into useful knowledge for O&M decisions. This study presents a data model, which is named as datacube with multi-dimensional and unrestrained characteristics, for these data to better support data mining algorithms. The model organizes all the different data in both relational database and in the memories and is able to support analysis-requirements-oriented data extractions. Based on this datacube, an O&M data mining approach is proposed with procedures of data preparation, data clustering and data mining. The proposed datacube-based data mining approach was applied to the Kunming Chang Shui international airport terminal. More than 7 years on-site repairing data were used for data mining and the outcomes verified the model and the approach to be feasible and valuable for improving O&M management.

Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) models are generally characterized by information redundancy and a high density of irregularly shaped components. Consequently, they require large storage spaces and are not conducive for interchange purposes. Geometric optimization of MEP models can play a significant role in facilitating model exchange and handover by increasing storage, transmission and display efficiency. To date, the body of knowledge on such geometric optimization, unfortunately, is still very narrow.This paper presents and tests a solution for the optimization of storage, transmission, and display of MEP models. Storage optimization was achieved through a mapping-based model description method and a novel Quadric-Error-Metric (QEM) mesh simplification algorithm, reducing required storage while maintaining the contour of components. For transmission optimization, a normal vector compression algorithm and a fixed-dictionary specific compression algorithm were proposed to achieve efficient compression of data thus, fulfilling the need for cross-platform interchange. Display optimization was obtained through a normal vector regeneration algorithm for clustering triangle meshes to improve 3D display effects.The evaluation of the solution, performed for each individual component separately as well as for an entire solution, proved successful. Volume of storage data was reduced by 40% to 50% through mesh simplification. Data transmission volume was reduced by more than 80% for components with complicated geometry without affecting the topology of the components. Finally, the display process was capable of decreasing the number of triangles and delivering very good quality of displayed models.

Except for various properties, accurate and intuitive 3D representations of building elements and spaces are embedded in Building Information Models (BIMs). Thus, better understanding of spatial features of building elements and spaces is possible, which brings new opportunity in code compliance checking, indoor navigation, visualization, etc. With large amount of fine-grained 3D spatial data collected quickly and continuously, there is an urgent need for new methods to overcome problems like improper spatial expression, insufficient mining and utilization of information that exist in traditional methods. This research reviews state-of-the-art of related research and provides a summary of achievements and challenges in this area. Then, a framework consists of management, analysis, and application of 3D spatial data of BIM and a detailed discussion of each part are proposed, which would give the readers an overview of relevant methods, technologies, and tools. Moreover, potential research directions and open issues for future work are also discussed. The paper enables researchers to get a comprehensive understanding of 3D spatial data analytics of BIM as well as suggestions for future work, and thus makes a solid contribution in this area.

Evacuation path planning is of significant importance to safely and efficiently evacuate occupants inside public buildings. Current computer simulation methods carry out evacuation analysis and then provide emergency education and management with a vivid virtual environment. However, efficient evacuation path planning approaches for evacuation guidance still meet the challenges of generating the analysis models, and lacking of real-time analysis methods under dynamic circumstances. In this study, a dynamic path planning approach based on neural networks is proposed for evacuation planning in large public buildings. First, an automatic process to develop the evacuation analysis model with simplified but sufficient information is presented. Then a path generation algorithm is proposed, together with an evaluation process, to generate a number of training sets for policy neural networks. When the primary policy neural network is preliminarily trained, it falls into a self-learning iteration process. Finally, the approach embeds a dynamic algorithm to simulate the mutual influences among all occupants in the building. The neural network was trained according to a real large public building and then the approach managed to provide rapid and feasible evacuation guidance for both occupants to escape in multiple scenarios and managers to design the evacuation strategy. Test results showed that the proposed approach runs 8-10 times faster than existing software and traditional search algorithms.

In mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems, logic chains refer to the upstream and downstream connections between MEP components. Generating the logic chains of MEP systems can improve the efficiency of facility management (FM) activities, such as locating components and retrieving relevant maintenance information for prompt failure detection or for emergency responses. However, due to the amount of equipment and components in commercial MEP systems, manually creating such logic chains is tedious and fallible work. This paper proposes an approach to generate the logic chains of MEP systems using building information models (BIMs) semi-automatically. The approach consists of three steps: (1) the parametric and nonparametric spatial topological analysis within MEP models to generate a connection table, (2) the transformation of MEP systems and custom information requirements to generate the pre-defined and user-defined identification rules, and (3) the logic chain completion of MEP model based on the graph data structure. The approach was applied to a real-world project, which substantiated that the approach was able to generate logic chains of 15 MEP systems with an average accuracy of over 80%.

Structural safety during construction is vital to engineering success of large scale bridges. However, difficulties in time-dependent structural modeling and data fragmentation of different engineering and management systems remain unresolved, hindering the plan, do, check, and adjust (PDCA) loop for structural safety management during bridge construction. In this paper, an integrated framework for closed-loop management of structural safety based on multisource data integration is presented. The proposed framework consists of a bridge safety information model (BrSIM), algorithms for data integration and semi-automatic time-dependent structural model generation, and methods for structural safety warning and assessment. The proposed BrSIM and algorithms integrate data related to 3D products, schedule, structural simulation and monitoring from various engineering systems, which covers the main data for structural safety management during construction. Meanwhile, automatic calculation and generation of static loads and constraints of a structural model based on 3D product information and monitoring data are also considered. Demonstration in the construction of a longspan bridge shows that with the proposed framework, it is possible to visualize the construction process, generate time-dependent structural models and simulate, monitor and assess the structural safety dynamically. Thus, the structural safety management loop is automated and fully closed. Furthermore, by tracking and simulating the changes of structural performance over time, and comparing the difference between simulation results and monitoring data, earlier detection and better evaluation of potential structural risks are achieved. Moreover, efficiency of information modeling and sharing is improved and effective management and decision-making are achieved with the proposed approach.

Metro protection is the task of evaluating, detecting, and controlling the potential threats presented by external projects to metro structures. To solve the problems encountered in metro protection work, including the isolation of models, difficulties in information extraction, and lack of data processing methods, this study introduced a building information model/modeling (BIM) technology and proposed a metro protection information model (the MPIM) based on the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) international data standard and its expansion mechanism. According to the information exchange requirements for metroprotection, the MPIM defines new customized IFC entities, property sets, and enumeration types to express the models in the metro protection domain. Then the conversion methods of the MPIM and other model formats and the information extraction and application technologies are studied. A metro protection system was developed to implement the MPIM-based model integration and provide assist in preliminary evaluation of external projects via information-rich the MPIM. A trial of the system from Guangzhou Metro’s Modiesha Station to Xingangdong Station indicated that the utilization of the MPIM in metro protection workflow could improve working efficiency and save time obviously; management staff claimed that the application of the system saved more than 40% of the time for project evaluation.

The hilly topography of Hong Kong influences oncoming winds and gradually changes their wind directions along the profiles' height. The vertical variation in wind directions, or the twist effect, significantly influences the Pedestrian Level Wind (PLW) field in urban areas of Hong Kong, thus it is a topic demanding systematic investigations. In this study, a new set of inflow boundary conditions are proposed to model twisted wind flows in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations. The new inflow boundary condition derived based on the horizontal homogeneous assumption, specifies a vertical profile of lateral wind speeds at the inlet boundary to sustain the twist effect in the empty computational domain. The proposed boundary conditions are used to simulate the PLW fields near three isolated buildings with different Height-to-Width ratio using two CFD codes; OpenFOAM, and FLUENT. The results reveal that OpenFOAM is more reliable in simulating PLW fields in twisted wind flows using the new set of boundary conditions. The three-dimensional flow field provided by the OpenFOAM simulation shows sparse streamlines downstream the buildings, indicating lack of organized eddies in the building far wake, which negatively affects the dispersion of air pollutants in twisted winds.

Incomplete building information in delivery and the lack of compatible tools for Operation and Maintenance (O & M) have hindered the development of the intelligent management of Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) systems. In fact, the information related to the O & M management of the MEP system conventionally comes from the completion documents in the forms of hard copies or unstructured digital files, making it hard to search for useful information in the “sea” of documents and drawings. Therefore, digitalization of information is an urgent task to facilitate the intelligent management of the MEP system. As a project deliverable, the as-built information model shall not only contain geometrical information and necessary construction-related data, but also built-in information useful for the intelligent O & M management. In the present study, based on the Building Information Modeling/Model (BIM) technology, a set of solutions including the automatic establishment of the logic chain for MEP systems, an equipment grouping and labeling scheme and an algorithm to transform BIM information to GIS map model, is proposed to digitalize and integrate the MEP-related information into the as-built model. Subsequently, a cross-platform O & M management system is developed using the MEP-related information in the as-built model to run routine O & M tasks and to effectively response to MEP-related emergencies. The developed system is applied to aid the O & M management of MEP engineering in a real project, showing that the developed system facilitates the intelligent O & M management and guarantees the security of the MEP system and its subsystems.

Huge amounts of data are generated daily during the operation and maintenance (O&M) phase of buildings. These accumulated data have the potential to provide deep information that can help improve facility management. Building Information Model/Modeling (BIM) technology has proven potential in O&M management in some studies, making it possible to store massive data. However, the complex and non-intuitive data records, as well as inaccurate manual inputs, raise difficulties in making full use of information in current O&M activities. This paper aims to address these problems by proposing a BIM-based Data Mining (DM) approach for extracting meaningful laws and patterns, as well as detecting improper records. In this approach, the BIM database is first transformed into a data warehouse. After that, three DM methods are combined to find useful information from the BIM. Specifically, the cluster analysis can find relationships of similarity among records, the outlier detection detects manually input improper data and keeps the database fresh, and the improved pattern mining algorithm finds deeper logic links among records. Particular emphasis is put on introducing the algorithms and how they should be used by building managers. Hence, the value of BIM is increased based on rules, extracted from data of O&M phase that appear irregular and disordered. Validated by an integrated on-site practice in an airport terminal, the proposed DM methods are helpful in prediction, early warning, and decision making, leading to the improvements of resource usage and maintenance efficiency during the O&M phase.

In the present study, the spatial correlation coefficients of wind speeds at different heights in the atmospheric boundary layer under near-neutral conditions are calculated based on field measurements taken by Doppler SODARs. To guarantee near-neutral stability, only measurements associated with relatively high wind strength (wind speeds in the lower boundary layer >10m=s) are used in the calculation. The correlation coefficients calculated from measured data are fitted to those predicted by models to derive a vertical integral length scale. Through investigating the vertical variations of the vertical integral length scale, which is essentially the mixing length, it has been found that (a) the mixing length increases linearly with heights below 70m, which agrees with the predictions from traditional models; (b) traditional models are applicable for predicting the vertical variation of mixing lengths in a near homogeneous sea-fetch wind flow; and (c) mean wind flow stretches the energy-containing eddy to produce larger mixing lengths, and this stretching effect is more prominent in a land-fetch flow.

Interoperability remains the key problem in multi-discipline collaboration based on building information modeling (BIM). Although various methods have been proposed to solve the technical issues of interoperability, such as data sharing and data consistency; organizational issues, including data ownership and data privacy, remain unresolved to date. These organizational issues prevent different stakeholders from sharing their data due to concerns regarding losing control of the data. This study proposes a multi-server information-sharing approach on a private cloud after analyzing the requirements for cross-party collaboration to address the aforementioned issues and prepare for massive data handling in the near future. This approach adopts a global controller to track the location, ownership and privacy of the data, which are stored in different servers that are controlled by different parties. Furthermore, data consistency conventions, parallel sub-model extraction, and sub-model integration with model verification are investigated in depth to support information sharing in a distributed environment and to maintain data consistency. Thus, with this approach, the ownership and privacy of the data can be controlled by its owner while still enabling certain required data to be shared with other parties. Application of the multi-server approach for information interoperability and cross-party collaboration is illustrated using a real construction project of an airport terminal. Validation shows that the proposed approach is feasible for maintaining the ownership and privacy of the data while supporting cross-party data sharing and collaboration at the same time, thus avoiding possible legal problems regarding data copyrights or other legal issues.

Several challenges have been found in the current applications of building information modelling/model (BIM) technology in large-scale mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) projects, such as the huge modelling workloads of MEP models and details, untapped potential in supporting cooperative construction management with multiple participants and insufficient functions for intelligent facility management. This paper proposes a multi-scale solution to address the insufficiencies of the current applications in the construction and facility management of MEP projects. Particularly, a practical multi-scale BIM consisting of several macro-, micro- and schematic-scale information models is described in detail with the required information of the MEP components according to the schema of industrial foundation classes. Based on this model, the paper presents a BIM-based construction management system to provide virtual construction scenes with appropriate scales for various participants to communicate and cooperate, as well as a BIM-based facility management system to share information delivered from previous phases and improve the efficiency and safety of MEP management during the operation and maintenance period. The application in a real-world airport terminal illustrates that the proposed model and two systems can support collaborative construction management and facility management with multi-scale functionalities among participants. This paper proposes a series of feasible models and techniques to promote BIM application in large MEP projects.

In both structural and environmentalwind engineering, the vertical variation of wind direction is important as it impacts both the torsional response of the high-rise building and the pedestrian level wind environment. In order to systematicallyinvestigate the vertical variation of wind directions (i.e.,the so-called ‘twist effect’) induced by hills with idealized geometries, aseries of wind-tunnel tests was conducted.The length-to-width aspect ratios of the hill models were 13⁄, 1/2, 1, 2 and 3, and the measurements of both wind speeds and directions were taken on a three-dimensional grid system. From the wind-tunnel tests, it has been found that the direction changesandmost prominentat the half heightof the hill. On the other hand, the characteristiclength of the direction change, has been found to increase when moving from the windward zone into the wake. Based on the wind-tunnel measurements, a descriptive model is proposed to calculate both the horizontal and vertical variations of wind directions. Preliminarily validated against the wind-tunnel measurements, the proposed model has been found to be acceptable to describethe direction changesinduced by an idealized hill with anaspectratio close to 1.For the hills with aspect ratios less than 1, while the description of the vertical variation is still valid, the horizontal description proposed by the model has been found unfit.

Though hilly topography influences both wind speeds and directions aloft, only the influence onwind speeds, i.e. the speed-up effect, has been thoroughly investigated. Due to the importance of a model showing the spatial variations of wind directions above hilly terrains, it is worthwhile to systematically assess the applicability and limitations of the model describing the influence of hilly topographies on wind directions. Based on wind-tunnel test results, a model, which describes the horizontal and vertical variations of the wind directionsseparately, has been proposedin acompanion paper. CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) techniques wereemployed in the present paper to evaluate the applicability of the proposed model. From the investigation, it has been found that the model is acceptable for describing the vertical variation of wind directionsby a shallow hill whose primary-to-secondary axis ratio (aspect ratio) is larger than 1. When the overall hill slope exceeds 20°, the proposed model should be used with caution. When the aspect ratio is less than 1, the proposed model is less accurate in predicting the spatial variation of wind directions in the wake zone in a separatedflow. In addition, it has been found that local slope of a hill has significant impact on the applicability of the proposed model. Specifically, the proposed model is only applicable when local slope of a hill varies gradually from 0 (at the hill foot) to the maximum value (at the mid-slope point) and then to 0 (at the hill top).

Medium and large construction projects typically involve multiple structural consultants who use a wide range of structural analysis applications. These applications and technologies have inadequate interoperability and there is still a dearth of investigations addressing interoperability issues in the structural engineering domain. This paper proposes a novel approach which combines an industry foundation classes (IFC)-based Unified Information Model with a number of algorithms to enhance the interoperability: (a) between architectural and structural models, and (b) among multiple structural analysis models (bidirectional conversion or round tripping). The proposed approach aims to achieve the conversion by overcoming the inconsistencies in data structures, representation logics and syntax used in different software applications.The approach was implemented in both Client Server (C/S) and Browser Server (B/S) environments to enable central and remote collaboration among geographically dispersed users. The platforms were tested in four large real-life projects. The testing involved four key scenarios: (a) the bidirectional conversion among four structural analysis tools; (b) the comparison of the conversion via the proposed approach with the conversion via direct links among the involved tools; (c) the direct export from an IFC-based architectural tool through the Application Program Interface (API), and (d) the conversion and visualization of structural analysis results. All these scenarios were successfully performed and tested in four significant case studies. In particular, the conversion among the four structural analysis applications (ETABS, SAP2000, ANSYS and MIDAS) was successfully tested for all possible conversion routes among the four applications in two of the case studies (i.e., Project A and Project B). The first four steps of natural mode shapes and their natural vibration periods were calculated and compared with the converted models. They were all achieved within a standard deviation of 0.1 s and 0.2 s in Project A and Project B, respectively, indicating an accurate conversion.

As the information from diverse disciplines continues to integrate during the whole life cycle of an Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) project, the BIM (Building Information Model/Modeling) becomes increasingly large. This condition will cause users difficulty in acquiring the information they truly desire on a mobile device with limited space for interaction. The situation will be even worse for personnel without extensive knowledge of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) or for non-experts of the BIM software. To improve the value of the big data of BIM, an approach to intelligent data retrieval and representation for cloud BIM applications based on natural language processing was proposed. First, strategies for data storage and query acceleration based on the popular cloud-based database were explored to handle the large amount of BIM data. Then, the concepts “keyword” and “constraint” were proposed to capture the key objects and their specifications in a natural-language-based sentence that expresses the requirements of the user. Keywords and constraints can be mapped to IFC entities or properties through the International Framework for Dictionaries (IFD). The relationship between the user’s requirement and the IFC-based data model was established by path finding in a graph generated from the IFC schema, enabling data retrieval and analysis. Finally, the analyzed and summarized results of BIM data were represented based on the structure of the retrieved data. A prototype application was developed to validate the proposed approach on the data collected during the construction of the terminal of Kunming Airport, the largest single building in China. The case study illustrated the following: (1) relationships between the user requirements and the data users concerned are established, (2) user-concerned data can be automatically retrieved and aggregated based on the cloud for BIM, and (3) the data are represented in a proper form for a visual view and a comprehensive report. With this approach, users can significantly benefit from requesting for information and the value of BIM will be enhanced.

Virtual Construction (VC) applications encounter difficulty in sharing and exchanging information with one another due to the long periods of interoperability limitation. To address these issues, an Industrial Foundation Classes-based graphic information model (IFC-GIM) is developed according to the exchange requirement of VC, and using the representations of three models in the IFC schema and its extension by defining the dynamic property set and properties for animation. The three models include the physical object model, the construction information model, and the realistic model. An OpenGL-based VC platform is developed and applied to a 440-m-high building to implement the IFC-GIM. The results demonstrate that the proposed IFC-GIM lays the foundation for data sharing and exchange among VC systems and other IFC-compliant applications, which, in turn, significantly reduces the modeling effort for VC and increases the value of VC results. Furthermore, animation is applied to simulate construction activities by the VC platform in addition to color and transparency, enhancing realistic feelings in 4D applications.

In order to achieve the information-based integrated construction management, e.g., time-dependent structures analysis, schedule/resource/cost conflict analysis as well as dynamic collision detection amongst site facilities and main structure elements, an integrated archetypal system named 4D-GCPSU 2009 is developed. Through 3 project examples, it is verified that the integrated solution is able to assist construction managers or owners in the aspects of analysis and management for process conflict and structural safety problems during construction. The application outcome of the system is accepted and praised by users as they considered that the system functions and analysis results provide significant reference support to the approval and revision of construction proposals, increase efficiency and safety concerning building construction. They also point out some difficulties in practice. As for those difficulties mentioned, a series of solutions plus further development orientation are put forth.

Strengthening construction safety analysis and management is of great social and economic significance. For a long time, however, there has been a lack of effective management tools in this important area that involves people's lives and property. Based on new developments in the Building Information Model (BIM), four-dimensional (4D) technology, time-dependent structural analysis, collision detection, and so on, a 4D structural information model is presented and established according to the overall solution of analysis and management for conflict and safety problems during construction. Based on this sub-BIM, the integration of dynamic safety analysis of time-dependent structures, conflict analysis and management of schedule/resource/cost, and dynamic collision detection of site facilities is studied, and theories and key technologies are discussed in detail. The results of this research provide a feasible theory and methodology for integrated applications of BIM. Furthermore, this study proposes a new approach for conflict and safety analysis during construction through the integration of construction simulation, 4D construction management, and safety analysis. The approach lays a foundation for the popularization of complicated theories and methodologies, and has theoretical significance and application prospects in meeting the needs of improving the safety level during construction.

The accurate spatial 3D models and corresponding coordinates of every key point are needed to determine the sizes, shapes, and locations of installation for all curtain wall elements in the process of production and construction. To solve the transition problems between architectural design and construction design of curtain wall system, four kinds of single-constrained computer-aided 3D modeling algorithm for spatial point-line models were discussed in detail. Then, a multi-constrained iterative 3D modeling process was proposed by considering coupling relationships amongst the various constraints. A 3D modeling system named T3-CW-CAD was developed and applied to the Shenzhen Airport Terminal 3. The application results showed that the presented-algorithm can meet the overall demand for automatically generating multi-layer 3D models according to spatial point-line model, along with sizes and other restraints amongst curtain wall elements, therefore playing a key role in guiding the production and construction of curtain wall system.

In this paper, we give a state review of modeling methodologies for four-dimensional computer-aided design (4D CAD) and three-dimensional (3D) animation of operations simulation. We then present our efforts of integrating 4D CAD and 3D animation of operations simulation to facilitate the construction planning of the main stadium for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games (nicknamed the “Bird’s Nest”). We propose a “zoom” interface between 4D CAD and 3D animation of operations simulation to enable a natural synergy of two separate, but organically linked research streams. For concept proving and application demonstration, we seamlessly integrated two computer systems resulting from previous in-house research to plan and visualize the construction of the “Bird’s Nest” in close collaboration with the main contractor. The integrated construction planning methodology is found instrumental in visually and intuitively conveying the master project schedule and detailed operations plan for construction of the “Bird’s Nest”.

大量信息技术的应用促使建筑业，尤其在施工阶段进入智慧化发展时期，然而业内企业进行高速智慧化发展的前提是明确自身智慧化成熟度现状。研究建立针对施工阶段各环节的智慧化成熟度评价体系框架，详细说明包括选择成熟度的评价方法、制定评价指标、呈现评价结果、验证评价体系和讨论智慧化成熟度提升策略5个步骤的组成部分及操作流程。以此为母版，构建施工管理智慧化成熟度评价体系，通过案例分析进一步说明智慧化成熟度评价体系框架的可行性、准确性与具体使用方法。上述框架可帮助准确评价施工阶段各环节的智慧化成熟度，并制定可行的智慧化发展计划，为施工阶段各环节及建筑业整体的智慧化发展提供基础性支持。

The application of a large amount of information technology has prompted the construction industry, especially in the construction stage, to enter a period of smart development. However, the prerequisite for enterprises within the industry to achieve high-speed smart development is to clarify their own current smart maturity. The study established a framework of smart maturity assessment systems for various segments in the construction stage, detailing the components and operational process of five steps, including selecting maturity assessment methods, developing assessment indicators, presenting assessment results, verifying the assessment system, and discussing strategies for improving smart maturity. Using this as the master template, a smart maturity assessment system for construction management has been constructed and the feasibility, accuracy, and specific usage methods of the smart maturity assessment system framework have been further demonstrated through case analysis. In summary, the above framework can help accurately assess the smart maturity of each segment in the construction stage, and formulate feasible smart development plans, providing fundamental support for the smart development of each segment in the construction stage and the overall construction industry.

针对工程安全管理中普遍存在的知识缺口问题,提出一套基于本体技术实现领域知识建模和更新的方法。以公路工程领域为范例,从行业标准规范的文本数据中自动提取安全知识,构建领域知识图谱;通过知识模型与建筑信息模型(BIM)的结合,开发安全管理应用场景,展示本体引导的知识图谱对工程安全管理的辅助作用。领域本体在知识图谱中作为本体层结构,表示为一个包含7 个层级、390 个有效节点的多维度层状结构;基于本体层的引导开发知识提取算法,从海量文本中提取网状知识结构,形成知识图谱的数据层。知识模型的更新采用由数据层到本体层的知识流动方式;提出基于类属关系、构成关系和实体核心词聚类的3类方法,实现本体层的更新。将知识模型关联实际项目的 BIM,从安全管理的应用层面出发,验证了本体的引入在知识的组织和扩展中起到良好效果,展现了知识模型与 BIM 的结合呈现出的智能化应用前景。该研究为领域知识图谱的构建、更新、应用全过程提供了一个完整的范例,对于本体更新过程实现了方法创新,拓展了知识图谱的应用领域和技术思路,有助于提升工程安全管理的信息化水平。

[Objective] Ontology structure has been proved to be particularly important in the construction and organization of a knowledge graph (KG), A comprehensive method for the modeling, updating, and application of KG with the guidance of domain ontology needs to be explored. In view of the common knowledge gap in engineering salety management, this paperaims to propose an ontology-based framework to achieve domain knowledge modeling and updating. Using the highway engineering field as an example, this paper demonstrates how safety knowledge can be automatically extracted from industry-standard text data to facilitate the construction of a domain KG. Subsequently, the safety management scenarios are developed based on the building information model (BIM), and the auxiliary role of intelligent knowledge in safety management is demonstrated to verily the effectiveness of the engineering application of the developed KG. [Methods] This paper used the ontology-guided domaln knowledge extraction method to construct the domain KG and proposed a knowledg network-guided method to update the ontology. Specifically, a layered knowledge system with multiple dimensions was summarized as the ontology layer based on the management approach and the established standard specifications withinhighway engineering, Following the guidance of the ontology layer, a structured knowledge network acting as the data layer was extracted from massive text materials by developing a series of knowledge extraction procedures, Consequently, a knowledge-flowing method from the data layer to the ontology layer was proposed. Three categories of methods based on the essence and composition of entities and the clustering of the entity's core words were summarized to realize the automation updating of the ontology layer. Finally, combined with the developed highway safety information retrieval and application system , this paper demonstrated the organization and application of the constructed domain KG, thus verifying the effect of introducing ontology in the organization and deployment of knowledge. [Results] The developed ontology of highway engineering salety knowledge was featured as a layered knowledge system with seven levels and 390 nodes connected with ~ 300 000 valid entity nodes in the data layer, facilitating the creation and integration of the KG's logical structures. The proposed method for updating the domain ontology aided by over 1000 technical terms was demonstrated to be effective, with an increment of 51.5% in the expansion of the nodes to the ontology. The designed method of linking the ontology-guided domain KG with the BIM was validated for its feasibility through practical implementation within a real highway engineering salety management system, displaying the positive impact of ontology's guidance in the organization and expansion of knowledge. [Conclusions] This paper concentrates on the domain of highway engineering safety and presents a comprehensive paradigm for constructing, updating, and applying a domain KG to demonstrate methodological innovation in ontology updating. The results extend the application scope and technical approaches of KG technology, thereby enhancing information technology level in engineering safety management. Moreover, the findings of this research can be used for BIM evaluation and safety guidance in highway engineering construction projects, thereby advancing the level of information technology in construction safety management.

在 Cesium 中展示大体量集中的三维模型需要进行渲染性能优化。Cesium 原生方法效果不稳定，同时会降低渲染效果。为了尽可能避免该问题，提出相机状态变化期间高性能渲染机制，在相机状态变化期间停止加载图元，且仅在此期间采用会降低渲染效果但可提升性能的参数设置与算法，保证模型加载期间的渲染效果。同时提出基于堆的三维瓦片绘制命令限制方法，通过该方法可直接限制绘制命令数量，降低 GPU 计算量。实验证明，相机状态变化期间高性能渲染机制可行。在该机制中提升最大屏幕空间误差（max screen space error，MSSE）以及限制绘制命令对提升渲染性能的效果均显著优于降低分辨率比例（resolution scale，RS）。而限制绘制命令对渲染性能提升的稳定性优于提升 MSSE。

Rendering performance optimization is needed to display dense 3D models in Cesium requires improving the. However, the native approaches are unstable and will cause bad rendering results. To avoid this problem as much as possible, a mechanism is proposed in this paper to enable high-performance rendering when the camera state changes in which the camera states change pauses primitives loading, and applies parameter settings and algorithms that can improve rendering performance but may cause bad rendering results. Besides, this paper proposes a heap-based 3D tile draws command limitation approach, which can directly limit the number of draw commands and reduce the amount of GPU computation. The results prove that the mechanism of high-performance rendering when camera state changes are feasible. The mechanism outperforms the max screen space error (MSSE) increasing and the draw commands limiting, which excels reducing the resolution scale (RS) in improving rendering performance. Limiting the draw commands can ensure the stability of rendering performance compared with increasing MSSE.

公为实现震级和震中距的快速预测，应用卷积神经网络、全连接神经网络、GELU 激活函数、丢弃法、多任务学习等机器学习技术，建立了 1 个高效的震级和震中距预测模型，选取斯坦福地震数据集 STEAD 对其进行训练、验证和测试，结果显示预测值和实际值呈现较好的正相关性，震级和震中距的决定系数分别为 0.938 和 0.881，相关结论为地震预警系统的发展提供了新的思路和方法。

In order to predict rapidly the magnitude and epicentral distance, various machine learning techniques including convolutional neural network, fully connected neural network, GELU activation function, dropout and multi-task learning were applied to establish an efficient model for predicting the magnitude and epicentral distance. The model was trained, validated, and tested by the Stanford Earthquake Dataset （STEAD）. The predicted values demonstrated a better positive correlation with the actual ones, with determination coefficients of 0.938 and 0.881 for magnitude and epicentral distance respectively. These results provides new ideas and methods for the development of earthquake warning systems.

公路工程在实施过程中会产生大量与安全有关的数据,这些数据难以进行系统化管理和充分利用。首先,对公路工程新建及改扩建过程中安全数据的分类、内容及其采集方式进行了说明,并分析了安全数据的特征和处理要求;其次,构建公路工程安全大数据平台架构,并对平台的主要层级进行简要说明;最后,针对大数据平台搭建的数据预处理、数据融合与存储、数据资产管理、面向公路施工安全需求的数据分析与挖掘等4个关键技术进行具体分析。结果表明:(1)公路工程实施过程中与安全相关的数据可以分为基础数据、结构物、机械设备等7类,数据处理时应满足从多元异构数据源抽取数据等要求;(2)公路工程安全大数据平台可自下而上分为数据源层、数据接入与预处理层等6层;(3)构件平台的关键技术包括数据预处理、数据融合与存储等。

A large number of safety-related data will be generated during the execution of highway project, which is difficult to be systematically managed and fully utilized. Firstly, the classification, content and collection method of safety data in the process of highway construction are explained, and the characteristics and processing requirements of safety data are analyzed. Secondly, the architecture of big data platform for highway engineering safety is constructed, and the main levels of the platform are briefly explained. Finally, four key technologies of data pre-processing, data fusion and storage, data asset management, data analysis and mining for highway construction safety are analyzed in detail. The results show that:(1) The data of highway project implementation can be divided into seven categories, such as basic data, structure, machinery and equipment, etc., and data processing should meet the requirements, such as data extraction from heterogeneous data sources, etc.(2) The architecture of big data platform for highway project safety can be divided into six layers: data source layer, data access and pre-processinglayer, etc.(3) The key technologies of platform include data pre-processing, data fusion and storage, etc.

现有施工工艺三维可视化方法存在难更新、软件环境限制或非动态等问题。为解决上述问题，结合Cesium提出面向Web的施工工艺三维动态可视化方法，包括相关数据模型与动画定义方式，以动画帧切分和帧集成为核心的三维动画快速生成方法，经效率测试显示，帧切分与帧集成算法性能可满足一般施工工艺动画需求。同时，应用上述方法实现案例工艺Web端展示与工艺步骤动画的在线编辑、播放与动态更新，验证实际工程应用的可行性。

The existing 3D visualization approaches for construction processes have difficulty updating, limited software environment, or undynamic results. For solving the above problems,a web-oriented 3D dynamic visualization method of construction processes is proposed based on Cesium, including relative data models and animation definition, and a rapid 3D animation generation method based on frame segmentation and integration approaches. An efficiency test proves that the performance of frame segmentation and integration algorithms can meet the needs of general animation of construction processes. Besides, the above method is applied to show a case construction process on the web and to support online editing, playing, and updating of the process step animation, which verifies the feasibility of using the method in actual projects.

在城市信息建模(CIM)过程中，缺失地理参照信息的三维模型需要在地理信息系统(GIS)进行地理配准。基于地理参照点可在保证精度的同时实现半自动化的地理配准。在三维模型导入 GIS 后，首先以模型附近的任意坐标点为参照点，将局部坐标系(LCS)变换至大地椭球表面。此后在 GIS 中拾取三维模型上的地理参照点，并根据当前的变换矩阵计算 LCS 坐标，结合该参照点的大地坐标可得该模型的正确变换矩阵。若无地理参照点，可在此方法的基础上持续估计地理参照点实现人工地理配准。通过 Cesium 实现半自动地理配准方法，使用实际工程使用的三维模型进行应用验证，证明了方法的可行性。上述方法依赖基于单一参照点的 LCS 向 ECEF 坐标系空间变换算法，按特点与适用场景可分为基础法、参照点投影法、原点投影法和近似原点法。应用验证过程中分别使用后 3 个算法，结合计算结果分析了这些算法受参照点与 LCS 原点距离的影响。

The 3D model lacking spatial reference needs geo-referencing in the Geographic Information System (GIS) when City Information Modeling (CIM). Based on a geometric reference point, semi-automatic geo-referencing can be achieved while ensuing accuracy. After the 3D model is imported into GIS, the local coordinate system (LCS) is transformed to the surface of the geodetic ellipsoid, based on any reference point near the model. Afterwards, the geographic reference point on the 3D model is picked up in GIS, and the LCS coordinates are calculated according to the

为充分利用隧道施工时盾构记录的大量监测数据,首先,采用数据分析与挖掘技术对盾构监测数据进行预处理; 其次,借助关联规则分析方法以及改进的 Apriori 算法,对盾构施工时 10 余项参数之间的关系进行分析与挖掘,并对典型关联结果进行解释,验证人们已掌握的规律、修正人们的误解以及发现潜在未知的规律;最后,基于 CART 分类算法对盾构所处地层进行实时预测,并构建三维地质模型对地层预测结果进行解释和应用。 结果表明,分类模型能更真实反映地层信息,且可作为地质勘测结果的有效补充。 广州地铁某标段的工程实践验证了对盾构监测数据进行分析和挖掘的可行性与合理性。

In order to make full use of a large number of monitoring data recorded by shield machine during tunnel construction, data analysis and mining techniques are adopted to preprocess the monitoring data. Then, with the help of association rule analysis method and improved Apriori algorithm, the relationship among more than ten parameters in shield construction is analyzed and mined, and the typical association results are explained, which verify the mastered laws, correct misunderstanding and discover the potential unknown laws. Finally, based on classification and regression tree algorithm, the real-time prediction of the stratum where the shield machine is located is made, and a three-dimensional geological model is built to interpret and apply the prediction results. The results show that the classification model can reflect the stratum information more truly and can be used as an effective supplement to the geological survey results. The feasibility and rationality of analyzing and mining the monitoring data of shield machine is verified by Guangzhou metro section.

智能建造是面向工程产品全生命期、深度融合新一代信息技术的新型建造模式，旨在形成工程项目立项策划、规划设计、生产施工、产品交付、运维服务的一体化产业链和协同化运行体系，是推进建设行业转型升级的主导途径。针对智能建造需要突破的关键技术，提出在工程项目全过程数字化支撑下，面向智能建造的数字化思维、数字化路径以及数据驱动的智能 BIM 及全过程应用，为智能建造探索可行的技术路径。

Intelligent construction is a new construction model serving the whole life of engineering products and deeply integrating next-generation information technology, which aims to form a coordinated operation system and an integrated industrial chain of engineering projects including project planning, planning and design, production and construction, delivery of products, and operation and maintenance services, and is the dominant way to promote the transformation and upgrading of the construction industry. Under the digitalization support of the whole process of engineering projects, digitized thinking, digitized path, data-driven intelligent BIM and the whole-process application for intelligent construction are proposed to fill up the key technologies needed to be broken through in intelligent construction, and to explore feasible technical paths for intelligent construction.

针对广州地铁工程项目物资采购供货时限长、物资价格高、响应速度慢等问题，研发基于建筑信息模型的地铁施工设备物资精细化管理系统，可通过 PC 端、Web 浏览器和移动设备使用，实现设备物资计划报送、进/退场报审验、出入库管理，生成设备物资管理清单等功能，满足建设方、总承包方、监理方等各方协同工作需求，提高物资报审准确率，降低施工成本，提升施工过程的信息化管理水平。经验证，本项目自主研发的管理系统可大幅提高广州地铁项目施工管理水平，并且通过简单调整即可用于其他大型施工项目，有很强的可拓展性。

In order to solve the problems of long procurement and supply time limit，high price and slowresponse speed in Guangzhou subway project，a fine management system of subway constructionequipment and materials based on building information modeling is developed to meet the needs ofbuilders，general contractors，supervisors and other parties to work together，improve the accuracy ofmaterials application，reduce construction costs，and improve the information management level of theconstruction process． It has been verified that the self-developed management system of this project greatlyimproves the construction management level of Guangzhou subway project，and can be used in otherlarge-scale construction projects through simple adjustment，which has a strong expansibility．

针对传统施工过程与新兴 BIM 技术融合困难的问题,研究以派工单作为切入点,深入探索传统派工单与 BIM 的融合机制,并提出了一种新型的 BIM 派工单。 该机制在充分利用三维数字模型、进度计划、人员与物资等 BIM 信息的基础上,通过半自动化的方式生成派工单,并实现后续施工活动的数据采集。 通过梳理 BIM 派工单的全生命期,研究进一步分析了它在进度管理与安全管理等众多方面中的应用,特别地,通过结合物联网技术,给出了一种基于门禁设备的人员精细化管理方法,以提高施工过程的安全性和可控性。基于所提出的新型派工单机制和精细化管理方法,开发了一个精细化施工管理系统,并将其应用到了实际项目的施工管理之中,结果验证了它们的有效性。

In view of the difficulties in the integration of traditional construction and emerging BIM technology, this research took dispatch list as an entry point to explore the integration mechanism of traditional dispatch list and BIM, and proposed a new BIM-based dispatch list. The mechanism makes full use of BIM information such as three-dimensional digital models, schedules, personnel and materials, and generates dispatch list in a semi-automatic manner, and realizes data collection for subsequent construction activities. By sorting out the life cycle of BIM-based dispatch list, this study further analyzed its application in many aspects such as schedule management and safety management. In particular, by combining the Internet of Things technology, a refined personnel management method based on access control equipment was proposed, so as to improve the safety and controllability of the construction process. Based on the proposed new dispatching list mechanism and refined management methods, a refined construction management system was developed and applied to the construction management of practical project, and the results verified their effectiveness.

随着社会信息化进程的不断加快,信息技术逐渐成为建筑从业人员提升工程管理质量的重要手段,BIM 作为建筑领域数字化发展的关键组成部分被广泛应用于工程管理之中,如何在已有理论和应用的基础上进一步发展工程管理信息技术成为研究者关注的焦点。 分别从工程数据的组织与处理以及挖掘与分析这两个方面对 BIM 相关研究进行总结与归纳,包括 IFC 标准、多尺度信息模型、模型轻量化技术,以及工程领域数据挖掘的关键步骤与典型方法。 在此基础上,对 BIM 与工程信息技术面临的瓶颈问题进行分析,并指出和探讨了三个未来主要的发展方向:工程领域数字孪生、城市信息模型、工程领域知识图谱,为进一步的研究与技术应用提供参考。

As the process of social informatization accelerates, information technologies have gradually become an important means for construction practitioners to improve the quality of engineering management. As a key component of the digital development of the construction industry, building information modeling (BIM) has been widely applied in engineering management. How to further develop information technologies for engineering management on the basis of existing theories and applications has thus become the focus of researchers’ attention. This paper summarized BIM-related research from two aspects: the organization and processing of engineering data as well as the mining and analysis of such data. The research investigated involved the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) standard, multi-scale information models, model lightweighting technology, and the key steps and typical methods of data mining in the engineering industry. On this basis, the bottleneck problems faced by BIM and information technologies for engineering were analyzed, and three main future development directions were then proposed and discussed: digital twins in the engineering industry, city information models, and knowledge graphs in the engineering industry. This paper is expected to provide a reference for further research and technology application.

乡村住宅通常以村落形式构成集合，且受地理环境影响较大，因此在设计与建造过程中需要同时考虑单体建筑、村落布置与地理环境等因素。为此，本研究提出了一种面向GIS 与 BIM 多源数据的信息集成与模型轻量化方法，包括：一，基于 FBX SDK 实现了 FBX的自动集成；二，引入顶点重要度与模型特征因子控制模型的简化过程，实现了面向乡村住宅的QEM改进算法。上述方法从扩充平台的使用场景和提高平台的模型处理能力两个方面，完善了一个已有的乡村住宅轻量化集成平台。成果在江苏省徐州市某乡村的改造中进行测试，验证了技术的可行性与实用性，有利于推进信息技术在乡村住宅设计与建造中的推广应用。 

Rural houses usually combine into villages and are greatly affected by the geographical environment. Therefore, in the process of design and construction, factors such as building information, village information and geographical environment need to be considered at the same time. This study proposes an integration method and a lightweight method for GIS and BIM multi-source data, including an automatic integration method of FBX based on FBX SDK and an improved QEM algorithm for rural housing, which uses vertex importance and model characteristic factor to control the simplification process. The above methods improve an existing rural housing lightweight integration platform from two aspects: expanding the applicable scenarios of the platform and improving the model processing ability of the platform. Taking a village in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province as an example, the methods are applicable, practical, and usable. This study promotes the research and application of information technology in rural housing design and construction. 

建筑信息模型（BIM）的普及提升了建筑运维管理的效率。然而，基于BIM的智能运维仍在数据获取、管理与分析方面面临挑战。该文结合BIM和数据驱动技术，研究了智能运维管理的方法，包括：通过机电设备逻辑关系的自动生成，实现对运维BIM信息的扩充增强；通过提出数据立方模型，实现基于BIM的动态运维信息管理；以及结合聚类、频繁模式挖掘与神经网络等多种机器学习方法，实现对上述运维数据的挖掘分析，辅助智能运维决策。该研究成果有效地减少了运维人员工作负担、提高了运维数据价值，有助于提升运维管理智能化水平. 

 Building information models (BIM) provide improved building operation and maintenance(O&.M) efficiencies. However, BIM-based intelligent O&.M still faces challenges related to data acquisition, integration and analysis. This paper combines BIM and data-driven techniques to develop a solution for intelligent O&.M. This approach includes a method to identify upstream and downstream relationships among mechanical, electrical and plumbing(MEP) facilities to supplement the O&M information in BIM.A data cube model is then used to integrate the BIM and building information. Multiple data mining methods including clustering, frequent pattern discovery and neural networks are then used to analyze the O&.M data and assist intelligent decision-making. This method reduces the O&.M personnel workload, increases the O&.M data value, and improves the intelligence level of the O&M management.

针对城市地理信息平台构建过程中存在的数据获取困难、研发成本较高等问题，引入开源技术，对基于开源数据、开源开发平台与开源工具的城市地理信息平台构建技术进行研究。所提出的城市地理信息平台由数据模块与可视化模块 2 部分组成。为构建数据模块，由开源地理信息项目(OSM)获取了建筑与区划数据，并设计了建筑合并算法以提升数据质量。建筑数据随之基于行政区划分级存储，通过由 ASP. NET 构建的数据接口提供给具体应用。可视化模块则基于开源地理信息系统(GIS)项目 Cesium 实现，并设计了完善的用户界面。以北京市为例，完成了原型系统的开发与测试，证实了该技术体系的可行性，通过开源技术降低平台研发成本，推进城市地理信息平台的研究与应用。 

To solve the problems in the establishment of city geographic information platform including difficulty in data acquisition and high development cost, this paper introduced open source technologies, and proposed a platform establishment method based on open source data, open source tools and open source framework. The proposed platform consists of two parts, including the data module and the visualization module. In order to construct the data module, the open source geographic project open street map (OSM) was selected to obtain building and division data, and a building merging algorithm was designed to further improve data quality. The building data was then organized hierarchically based on administrative divisions and provided to specific applications through the data interface constructed by ASP. NET. The visualization module was implemented based on the open source geographic information system (GIS) project Cesium, and complete user. 

In the construction area, visuals such as drawings, photos, videos, and 3D models, play a significant role in thedesign, build and maintenance of a facility, bringing efficiency to generate, transfer, and store information.Advanced visual computing techniques facilitate the understanding of design contents, work plans, and other typesof information shared in the construction industry. Automatic visual data collection and analysis provide manypossibilities to the construction industry and a large number of works have investigated how visual computing canimprove construction management processes and other problems in the construction area. However, acomprehensive literature review is needed. This study uses bibliometric approaches to review the works publishedto date, and analyses the development of knowledge, significant research results, and trends. The purpose of thisstudy is to help newcomers to this research field understand knowledge structure and formulate researchdirections, thereby enhancing knowledge development. From this study, it can be concluded that computer visionis a key axis of improvement. Moreover, building information modeling, laser scanning, and other visualization-related techniques are also important in advancing the construction area. 

目前,中国国内的建筑能耗和环境参数监测并未形成统一的标准,不同的能耗监测系统互不兼容,导致绝大部分的建筑能耗与环境监测数据无法有效集成和融合,造成了数据资源的严重浪费.该文首先定义了面向建筑动态监测数据的能耗与环境参数数据模型,并提出了建筑动态能耗数据的提取与集成的方法,同时开发与实现了相应的建筑能耗数据提取软件模块,并在实际工程中进行了验证.最后,对此技术的相关问题和应用前景进行了讨论. 

大型公共建筑在商业、办公、旅游、科教文卫、通讯和交通等各个方面都有着不可替代的作用。但大型公共建筑的运维管理信息化平台开发和应用却有一定技术难度。为降低这一难度，提出一种基于GIS的大型公共建筑轻量级运维管理平台研发与应用方法。大型公共建筑图纸通过图形数据转换和编辑，转换为地图服务；大型公共建筑属性数据通过归纳总结，形成层次结构，并赋予唯一标识符，建立属性数据标准库；并以此为基础，梳理大型公共建筑运维管理流程，形成运维管理标准流程和数据流程；通过搭建统一的平台，完成上述4项结果的集成，并投入实际应用。该方法在一座大型机场航站楼进行了实际验证，开发了一套轻量级运维管理平台，实现了该航站楼运维管理的信息化，其结果验证了方法的有效性和可操作性。

Large-scale public buildings play an irreplaceable role in business, office, tourism, science, education, culture and health, communication and transportation. Due to technical difficulties, large public buildings usually lack operation and maintenance (O&M) management information platforms. To ease these difficulties, this paper presents an application method of lightweight O&M management platform for large-scale public buildings based on GIS. Large-scale public buildings’ drawings are converted into map services through conversion and editing. Attribute data are summarized to form hierarchical structures, and unique identifiers are given to establish standard attribute libraries. Based on these libraries, O&M management processes are reviewed to form standard O&M management procedures and data flows. A unified platform is developed to integrate the above 4 achievements before actual application. This method is tested in a large airport terminal. A lightweight O&M management platform is developed, which realizes the information O&M management of the terminal. The results have verified the effectiveness and operability of the proposed method.

建筑信息模型(BIM)作为建筑领域的新兴技术，正在深远地影响着建筑行业的发展，而人工智能(AI)技术的跨学科应用也日趋广泛。将BIM与AI方法结合，有着良好的可行性与广阔的前景，但目前国内外的相关研究应用仍处于初级阶段。在广泛调研国内外相关研究的基础上，从技术、系统、应用3 个层面，对基于BIM的AI方法相关研究进行综述，介绍该领域常用的AI技术，典型开发平台与开发方法，以及基于BIM的AI方法在设计、施工、运维等各建筑阶段中的成功应用。在此基础上，对该领域存在的问题与挑战加以分析，总结问题原因，并对其未来发展方向加以展望。

As an emerging technology in the construction field, building information modeling/model (BIM) technology is making profound influence on the development of the construction industry, while the cross-disciplinary application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has become increasingly widespread. The combination of BIM with AI methods is characterized with good feasibility and broad prospects. However, related research and application at home and abroad are still at the initial stage. Based on extensive literature review, this paper summarizes previous studies on BIM-based AI from the perspective of technology, system and application, and introduces commonly used AI technologies, typical development platforms and methods, as well as the successful applications in different construction stages such as design, construction, operation and maintenance. In this light, the problems and challenges in the field are analyzed, the causes of the problems summarized, and the future direction of development anticipated.

在建筑的施工和运维管理过程中，存在大量的传感器采集的数据，但是这些数据存于各自的监测系统中，产生“信息孤岛”局面，难以对其进一步的融合分析，使其产生更大的价值。建筑信息模型(BIM)技术支持将传感器数据与工程数据集成管理和应用，但是面向 BIM存储的工业基础类国际标准(IFC)对传感器数据的定义和描述仍有缺陷。为此，提出了基于IFC的传感器信息存储方法与应用流程，分析了IFC中与传感器有关的信息描述和关联机制，进而通过自定义属性集的方式扩展了IFC标准，最后以北京槐房再生水厂项目为应用案例验证了IFC扩展内容的有效性。

There are a lot of sensor data collected in the construction, operation and maintenance of buildings, but these data only existed in the respective monitoring systems, leading to a situation of “information island”, thus the sensor data cannot be effectively used. BIM (building informationmodel/modeling) technology can implement integrated management and application of sensor data and engineering data. The IFC (industrial foundation classes) standard which is an international standard for BIM storage, is still not sufficient for sensors and their data. In this paper, IFC-based sensor information storage method and application process are presented. Specifically, the description and association mechanism of sensor information in IFC are analyzed, followed by the extension of IFC property set to achieve the storage of such information. Finally, the IFC-based application process of sensor information is described. The proposed methods were applied to the HuaiFang Water Reclamation Plant in Beijing for validation.

通过分析当前建筑工程项目模型信息传递中存在的典型问题及应用需求，提出 IFC-API 建筑结构模型转换模式，并结合前期结构分析模型转换框架，形成一套完整的基于 BIM 的面向结构有限元分析的模型转换体系，对解决设计阶段信息断层、提高效率具有重要意义；同时针对模型显示进行优化，扩展研发基于 BIM 的模型转换平台，并通过某一小学教学楼进行实例验证。该研究从理论、技术、应用层面就面向结构有限元分析的模型转换取得突破性进展，也为后续基于 BIM 的时变结构安全性能模拟和分析提供支持。

Inadequate integration and interoperability are still inflicting an economic burden with the increasing requirement of model conversion between architectural and structural models. This paper presents a novel approach which combines an Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)-Application Program Interface (API) based conversion approach with our previous research on model conversion among different structural analysis models, providing a Building Information Model (BIM)-based model conversion framework towards structural finite element analysis to improve the efficiency within design industry. The approach was implemented in the self-developed BIM-based conversion platform based on the optimization algorithm of model display. The platform was tested in a teaching building to verify the conversion process. This research has made a breakthrough in the theory, technology, and application of model conversion towards structural finite element analysis and has established the foundation for the subsequent research of BIM-based simulation and analysis for time-varying structures.

The building information model/modeling (BIM) technology is currently applied in a broad range of applications and research for facility management (FM), while the BIM-based mobile FM is difficult owing to various factors and environments. For example, the mobile applications usually require frequent cross-equipment compatibility. This paper proposes a reasonable BIM-based FM cross-platform framework and develops a mobile application on the basis of an existing BIM-based FM system. The developed mobile application is applied in a case study of a metro station project in Guangzhou to verify its effectiveness in FM practice. It helps maintenance staff in viewing BIMs, accessing related information, and updating maintenance records in a unique platform. The test results demonstrate that the proposed BIM-based cross-platform framework meet the FM application requirements and supports the extension of FM functions.

近年来，基于工业基础类(IFC)标准的建筑信息模型(BIM)应用技术得到快速发展，但现有的技术和方法难以支持面向互联网的IFC模型对象传输和查询等应用。为实现IFC模型在Web中的应用，该文使用JSON格式建立了一种面向网络的IFC对象模型，使用分布式的键－值存储系统Redis建立了IFC数据的高速缓存，并基于以上对象模型和缓存技术提出了IFC数据的分步、动态解析方法，实现了大容量IFC数据的轻量化、标准化的网络传输和高速动态解析。验证表明:该模型和技术可以支持面向互联网的BIM应用，并且能够大幅提升IFC数据文件的解析效率，可将大容量(超过30MB)IFC文件的解析速度提升1倍以上，具有较高的使用价值和应用前景。

Industry foundation class(IFC) based building information modeling(BIM) systems has developed rapidly in recent years. However, there are still few methods and tools supporting web-oriented transmissions and querires of IFC model data. This paper describes a web-enabled IFC object model using the JSON format and the IFC data cache with the Redis distributed key-value store for IFC applications in web environment. Stepwise and dynamic parsing of the IFC data enables lightweight, standardized network data transmission with large-capacity, high-spped dynamic parsing of the IFC data. Tests show that the object model and the parsing method are able to support web BIM applications and significantly enhance the efficiency of parsing IFC data files, with double the parsing speed of large (over 30 MB) IFC files.

随着中国建筑产业化进程的不断推进，管道工程也更多地由现场施工转为工厂预制加工的生产方式，然而当前管道预制构件深化设计技术落后的现状制约了管道工厂化生产和施工的进一步发展和推广应用。为解决此问题，该文针对预制管段、支架及管组等深化设计的具体需求，引入建筑信息模型(Building information model,BIM)技术，提出了一种面向管道预制构件的自动深化设计方法，实现了管道辅助划分、支架半自动设计和管组智能拼装。在此基础上研发了一个通用的管道预制构件智能设计系统，解决了模型可视化、递进式参数化建模以及模型信息共享等3个核心技术问题。该系统应用于2个实际工程项目，验证了所提出的方法和系统应用于管道预制构件深化设计的可行性，表明其能提高设计效率、减少材料浪费。

The industrialization of China is creating prefabricated pipelines instead of pipeline made on site. However, prefabricated pipeline design methods are not entirely suitable for manufacturing in the factory and assembling on site. A building information model(BIM) isintroduced here for designing prefabricated pipelines. An automatic prefabricated pipeline design method was developed for dividing the pepelines with a semi-automatic design method for pipeline supports and an intelligent assembling method for pipeline groups. A general purpose prefabricated pipeline design system was then developed. The method addresses three core issues for model visualization, progressive parametric modeling and information sharing. The model is applied to two real-world projects to show the enhanced design efficiency and reduced material waste.

研究针对石济黄河公铁两用桥工程体量大、制造精度高、施工工期紧、安全风险高的特点，探索BIM技术在桥梁施工安全管理方面的创新性应用，重点阐述基于BIM的工况管理、安全监控管理及分析等内容。研究结果表明，基于BIM进行桥梁的施工安全监测与管理，可实现数据的动态集成及可视化，有效保障桥梁施工质量和安全，具有较为深远的应用意义和推广价值。

在建筑物的运营维护阶段中引入BIM 技术可以得到显著效益。尽管近年来相关文献发表数量持续增长，但目前国内外运维阶段的BIM 研究与应用还处于初级阶段。为此在广泛的文献调研的基础上，从技术层面和应用层面对当前国内外BIM 运维的研究和应用现状进行综述，介绍其所涉及的关键技术及相关系统研发现状，进而归纳了已经实现的各种运维功能和项目应用情况。在总结现状的基础上，最后讨论了该领域现存的挑战和瓶颈，并针对性地展望了BIM 运维未来的发展方向。

Introducing BIM into building operation and maintenance management (O&M management) has significant benefits. Though the number of related literatures keeps increasing in recent years, current domestic and foreign researches and applications on BIM-based O&M are generally in the exploratory stage. Based on a broad literature survey, this paper reviewed domestic and foreign BIM-based O&M researches and applications from the perspective of technology researches and application projects.Relevant key technologies, research status and related system developments were introduced. The functions and project applications were then summarized. Finally the challenges and bottlenecks for BIM-based O&M management, as well as an outlook for future researches were discussed.

桥梁管理系统（BMS）是辅助管理者进行桥梁日常管理，模拟分析和制定决策的管理工具。为解决当前BMS中普遍存在的管理体系不完整、分析和评估模型落后、人机交互体验性较差、维护困难等问题，本研究一方面采用网络地理信息系统（WebGIS）技术以增强数据可视化效果，提高人机交互体验，并解决资源共享等问题，另一方面通过建立科学的退化模型和费用模型以提高桥梁全寿命期分析和评估的准确性。在此基础上，研发了一个原型系统，通过记录桥梁的历史检测数据，挖掘可用信息，对桥梁未来状态以及经济效益进行预测，从而实现对桥梁运维全过程的跟踪、分析和评估。应用表明，基于WebGIS技术的新一代BMS能提高桥梁管理的效率。

A bridge management system (BMS) is a management toolkit helpingmanagers collect information, conduct modal analysis and devise polices on adaily basis. The current systems, however, exhibit some common problems. Forinstance, the analysis and evaluation models lag the development of the entiresystem, poor human-machine interaction experience and difficult to maintain,etc. In this research, WebGIS technology is adopted to enhance datavisualization, improve the interaction experience, and solve the problem ofresource sharing. On the other hand, improved degradation model and cost modelare proposed to improve the accuracy of lifecycle analysis and evaluation for bridges.Then a prototype of a new generation BMS is developed for the tracking,analysis and evaluation of bridges-in-service by recording the historicinspection data and then mining the useful data to predict the future status ofa bridge. Application shows that WebGIS technology can improve the efficiencyof bridge management.

机电设备的管理是建筑运维管理的重要组成部分，目前多采用建筑机电设备自动化系统实现，其监测信息不能供其它系统有效地共享和利用。利用建筑信息模型（BIM）技术可以实现建筑全生命期的数据共享，然而目前在机电领域BIM的研究和应用大多是利用BIM工具建立含有丰富信息的机电设备模型，在此基础上通过信息查询等手段辅助运维管理，而在对BIM与监测信息集成方面还有待研究。本文通过研究BIM与建筑机电设备监测信息集成方法，建立机电设备监测扩展信息模型，从而充分发挥监测信息的价值，为建筑机电运维的高效管理提供数据支持。

Management of machine, electric, plumbing (MEP) plays an important role during operation and maintenance management of a building. At present, building automation system (BAS) is the primary mean of MEP management, but the monitoring information of BAS cannot be effectively shared or used by other systems. Data sharing within building lifecycle can be achieved by adopting building information modeling (BIM) technology while most BIM researches and applications for MEP focus on establishing a product model that contains a wealth of information to improve the management efficiency by information inquiries. Few researches in the integration of BIM and MEP monitoring information are reported. By studying the integrated approach of BIM and MEP monitoring information, an extended model of MEP monitoring information can be established based on BIM. The model can provide data to support the operation and maintenance management of MEP, maximizing the value of MEP monitoring information.

传统的机电设备运维信息主要来源于纸质的竣工资料，在用到这些信息时，往往要从海量纸质的图纸和文档中去寻找。如何采用电子化手段有效地组织这些信息，以实现设计和施工阶段的有效信息能传递到运维期并辅助运维管理，是当前建筑生命周期管理中需要解决的重要问题。本研究通过引入建筑信息模型（BIM）和二维码技术，开发基于BIM的机电设备智能管理系统（BIM-FIM 2012），实现了机电设备工程的电子化集成交付，以及建筑物运维期的维护维修管理和应急管理，为保障所有设备系统的安全运行提供高效的手段和系统平台支持。MEP Engineering；Operation and Maintenance Period；Building Information Model（BIM）；Facility Management；Two-dimensional Code

Traditionally，operation and maintenance information for MEP mainly comes from completion data in the forms of drawings or documents.When the information is needed，it requires manual searches from such a huge amount of paper files.In order to realize the information transmission from design and construction phases to operation and maintenance period，effectively organization of such information by electronic means is the key issue to be resolved in current building lifecycle management.This can also enhance the information-aided maintenance.By introducing Building Information Model（BIM）and two-dimensional code，a BIM-based Facility Intelligent Management System（BIM-FIM 2012）is developed to realize the electronic integrated delivery of MEP，and to improve the maintenance management and emergency management of a building during its operation and maintenance period.The System also provides an effective way and platform to ensure the safe operations of all MEP systems.

BIM服务器为BIM对建筑全生命周期的支持提供了解决方案。目前BIM服务器主要为C/S架构，但B/S架构的优势也渐渐凸显。HTML5标准的发布带来了支持浏览器硬件图形加速的WebGL技术，更带来了一系列划时代的Web技术。从而为实现B/S架构下的BIM信息管理与模型三维浏览奠定了基础。本文分析了BIM的模型信息范围与表达形式，研究了基于WebGL框架Three.js的BIM模型显示技术以及面向Web的BIM信息管理技术，开发了BIM模型三维浏览与信息管理系统。应用表明，系统的图形平台性能稳定，渲染效果较好，能够支持较大的BIM模型。同时，系统为Web客户端提供了丰富的功能支持，更体现了良好的交互特性，因而具有较大的应用价值。

BIM Server provides a solution for BIM to support construction life cycle.Currently，the structure of BIM Server is C/S，but gradually  B/S also shows its advantages.The release of the HTML5 standard brings the WebGL technology which supports hardware graphics acceleration in browser and is one of a series of revolutionary Web technologies.Thereby the foundation is laid for achieving Web-oriented BIM information management and 3D display of BIM model.In this paper，the model information scope and its expression of Web-oriented BIM is analyzed，and the corresponding information management technology and the BIM model display based on the Three.js，which is a WebGL framework，are studied.Then，a WebGL-based platform for 3D display and information management of BIM is also developed.Application shows that the graphics platform of the platform performs stable with nice rendering for large BIM.Meanwhile the platform provides rich feature supports for Web client by favorable interactive functions，showing a great application value.

碰撞检测是建筑工程三维CAD 中行之有效的辅助手段，现代建筑形式复杂、规模庞大，对碰撞检测算法的效率提出了更高的需求。本文基于空间分解和空间占用这两种应用最为广泛的预处理方法，提出了一种集成、高效的精确碰撞检测算法。通过工程实例的测试和分析，该集成算法的检测效率优于其他几种算法，且模型量越大效率优势越明显。本文还针对建筑工程的实际应用需求，对集成算法进行改进，并应用于实际工程，验证了算法的有效性和鲁棒性。实际应用表明，该集成算法适用于建筑、结构、机电、幕墙等专业设计之间的碰撞检测。

Collision detection is an effective adjunct for three-dimensional CAD of construction projects. Thecomplex and large scale modern architectures bring demand for higher efficiency of collision detection algorithm.Based on the two most widely applied pretreatments, i.e., spatial decomposition and spatial occupancy, anintegrated and efficient accurate collision detection algorithm is proposed. Through the testing and analysis ofproject examples, the results show that the proposed algorithm is more efficient than other algorithms, and thelarger the model is, the more obvious its efficiency advantage is. For the actual demand of different constructionprojects, the integrated algorithm is also improved and applied to actual projects to verify its effectiveness androbustness. The practical applications show that the algorithm is applicable to the collision detection betweenbuilding structures and MEP (Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing) engineering.

IFC标准是国际协同工作联盟IAI发布的建筑产品数据描述标准，IFC标准提供了建筑产品大部分信息模型的定义和描述。但是，在建筑施工领域IFC标准的模型体系尚不完善，无法完全满足建筑施工IFC数据描述的需求。本文通过对IFC标准的体系结构、数据描述方法、扩展机制和应用流程的系统研究，建立面向建筑施工的IFC数据扩展模型，编制了建筑施工IFC数据描述标准，并通过工程实际应用验证了模型和标准的可行性和适用性，提出了对IFC标准进一步研究和应用的建议。 

The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) developed by International Alliance for Interoperability(IAI) has been known as a common product model for data exchange and model sharing． In architecture design，entity types and property sets in IFCs are nearly enough to meet the needs． However，in the construction，entity types are insufficient for data description． Therefore，we analyses the demand for data description in construction in mainland China，and extend the IFC model．At last，we test the extension model by some real projects and give some suggestions for further research．

建筑施工支撑系统倒塌在我国建筑工程施工安全事故中占很大比例,使施工支撑体系安全分析的研究得到广泛重视。该文通过研究现有的支撑体系安全分析方法,针对其三维建模和对施工期连续时变特性描述和分析等方面存在的不足,引入4D（4-Dimensional,四维）技术和BIM（Building Information Model,建筑信息模型）,通过建立4D施工安全信息模型,将支撑体系与施工过程信息动态地链接起来,能快速建立支撑体系的3D模型,并自动生成随进度变化的支撑体系安全分析模型,从而简化支撑体系的力学分析过程,提高了计算精度和效率,为支撑体系的分析计算提供了新的途径和方法。该文还通过一个应用实例,验证了将4D施工安全信息模型应用于施工期支撑体系安全分析的可行性。

Collapses of scaffold system account for a significant proportion in construction accidents so that safety analysis of scaffold system during construction received wide attention. However, the existing calculation methods have some deficiencies in 3D modeling and time-dependent description. This paper proposed a new safety analysis approach for scaffold system during construction by inducting 4D (4-Dimensional) technology and BIM (Building Information Model). The 4D Construction Safety Information Model, which provides complete information for dynamic connection between scaffold system and construction process information, is presented and established so that 3D models and structural analysis model of scaffold system can be generated rapidly and automatically, therefore the safety analysis process can be simplified greatly. This paper also demonstrates thatsafety analysis of scaffold system based on the 4D Construction Safety Information Model is feasible and practical through an application example.

为满足建筑施工现场安全及管理的需求,构建了施工现场及设施实体的四维时空模型,提出了施工现场物理碰撞检测的算法。该模型以已开发的四维建筑施工现场管理系统为基础,引入四维技术和建筑信息模型,采用边界描述法来准确描述场地设施的三维形体,借鉴层次包围盒的思想。该模型可实时动态地对场地设施之间、场地设施和主体时变结构之间可能发生的物理碰撞进行检测和分析,从而对施工现场进行合理规划和实时调整。

A 4-D space-t ime model and an improved construction collision detection algorithm were developed for site entities to improve construction safety management. The model uses the hierarchy bounding boxes algorithm and the 4-D technology and building information model(BIM) . The 4-D construction site layout management system accurately describes the 3-D shapes of site entities using the boundary representation (B-rep) method. The algorithm helps managers to dynamically analyze the construction process and avoid collisions between site entities and structural elements to improve the planning and deploym ent of site resources to meet the construction needs.

深圳机场T3航站楼的幕墙造型采用了自由曲面上参数化造型的设计,建筑设计方使用空间三维坐标点的方式给出了航站楼外表皮的单层单线模型.在进行施工图深化设计时,需根据该模型以及施工图设计过程中所需的各种指导生产/安装的信息,对原数据进行相应的预处理,从而建立符合施工图要求的多层构造的三维模型,并实现图纸输出.笔者开发了集预处理、自动建模、后处理等功能于一体的深圳机场T3航站楼幕墙CAD系统(T3-CW-CAD),旨在提高幕墙施工图设计工作的效率.详细讨论了该系统的需求、数据结构和核心算法.

The faade of Shenzhen Airport Terminal 3 (T3) is a parametric shaping design based on freeform surface. Architect provides a single layer wireframe model for facade outer skin by listing related spacial point coordinates. During design development，it’s required for facade consultant to pretreat the raw data from architect in order to develop information of guidance for fabrication and construction，and then rebuild a multi-layer 3D model with post-treatment besides drawing output. Thus，based on the raw model and data，a CAD system integrated pretreatment / auto-modeling / post-treatment for curtain wall engineering of T3 ( T3-CW-CAD) is developed to increase the efficiency of drawing designing. The authors discuss the requirements，data structure and core algorithms of the system in detail.

首先提出了一个基于BIM的桥梁工程全寿命期管理框架,再针对其中的应用框架层,详细讨论了BIM在桥梁工程中的快速建模、施工管理、耐久性监测和成本分析预测这四个方面的应用前景,提出了主要的功能需求,为开发相应的BIM应用系统给出了方向和提出了建议。

First, a BIM-based framework for life cycle management of bridges was proposed.Then, according to the application framework layer within the entire framework, four application aspects and functional requirements were illustrated in detail, including BIM-based quick modeling, construction management, durability monitoring, and cost analysis and prediction. Some suggestions for BIM system development were proposed.

在已有的“建筑工程4D施工管理系统”基础上，针对其在施工过程冲突分析方面存在的不足以及实际工程的具体需求，通过对施工进度、资源和成本费用的冲突分析与管理需求进行调研，详细描述相关冲突分析与管理的内容和流程。通过引入4D信息模型解决相应的关键技术问题，建立针对当前状态的静态预警机制和基于趋势预测的动态预警机制，从而改进施工冲突分析与管理的方法。工程实际应用表明，本文所提的方法能帮助施工管理人员把握和分析施工过程中的各种管理冲突，达到预警冲突和辅助决策的目的。

Based on previous research achievement —4D construction management system, in order to meet specific requirements of real projects and to enhance the construction conflict analysis abilities of the system, the authors firstly summarize conflict analysis needs for schedule management, resource management and cost management during construction by investigation. Then an improved analysis and management approach for construction conflict is proposed by inducting the 4D information model to solve corresponding technical problems , followed by a detailed description of the work flow of conflict analysis and management. The static alert mechanism according to current construction status and the dynamic early2 warning mechanism are illustrated based on prediction information by development trends during construction. Finally, examples of project applications show that the improved approach proposed can help project managers to grasp and analyze various construction conflicts, achieve purposes of conflict early warning and decision2making support.

Time-dependent structure analysis theory has been proved to be more accurate and reliable compared to commonly used methods during construction. However, so far applications are limited to partial period and part of the structure because of immeasurable artificial intervention. Based on the building information model (BIM) and four-dimensional (4D) technology, this paper proposes an improves structure analysis method, which can generate structural geometry, resistance model, and loading conditions automatically by a close interlink of the schedule information, architectural model, and material properties. The method was applied to a safety analysis during a continuous and dynamic simulation of the entire construction process. The results show that the organic combination of the BIM, 4D technology, construction simulation, and safety analysis of time-dependent structures is feasible and practical. This research also lays a foundation for further researches on building lifecycle management by combining architectural design, structure analysis, and construction management.

The paper presents applications of simplified discrete-event simulation (SDESA), and 4D-GCPSU, to the National Stadium of the Beijing 2008 Olympics. Taking into account influential factors, e.g., resource, spatial condition, and the randomness of the construction process, the installation process of the steel-structure was simulated and optimized by using genetic algorithm (GA) optimization methodology. The operations simulation shortened the installation duration by 39 days (about 16% of the original total duration), guided the manufacturers to plan the construction processes, and provided specific suggestions on the entry time of the installation components, resulting in resource allocation optimization, resource saving, and construction efficiency improvement. Combining with the optimized schedule, the 4D visualization environment can discover time-space conflicts timely, and may assist project managers to reschedule the construction activities in tune with the site layout and resource allocation.

建筑施工期结构安全事故频发，使施工期结构安全分析的研究得到广泛重视。现有采用基于概率的分段静态安全分析方法，在对施工期的连续时变描述和计算精度方面存在不足。基于时变结构分析理论的安全分析能更准确地评价施工期结构的安全性能，但在实际应用方面存在着很大的局限性。该文将4D（4-Dimensional，四维）技术引入到建筑施工期时变结构安全分析中，可以为解决时变结构连续动态的全过程分析问题，提供随进度变化的结构模型、完整的数据支持和可视化表现，能简化时变结构的计算过程，提高时变结构建模和安全分析的效率，为时变分析理论的实际应用提供可行的途径和方法。该文论证了将4D技术应用于施工期时变结构安全分析的可行性，提出了4D时变结构安全分析模型和分析方法，开发了基于4D的施工管理和安全分析系统。

Time-dependent theory has been proven to be more accurate and reliable for safety analysis of structures during construction compared to the traditional static method based on probability. However, applications are restricted in partial periods and partial structures because of the immeasurable artificial intervention. By inducting 4D technology to safety analysis of time-dependent structures during construction, a visualized environment is provided, where the entire analysis data including structure models are accessibleaccording to the construction schedule. Thus, continuously and dynamically time-dependent analysis is achieved. This idea simplifies the process and enhances the efficiency of structure calculation. This paper demonstrates that the organic combination of 4D technology and time-dependent theory is feasible, proposes the 4D safety analysis model of time-dependent structures and the corresponding method for safety analysis, and presents a system for 4D-based construction management and safety analysis.

为提高青岛海湾大桥项目的管理水平和效率,项目投资方与清华大学合作,通过研究青岛海湾大桥4D信息模型以及相应的信息集成机制,开发了"青岛海湾大桥4D施工管理系统",并应用于大桥工程的实际施工管理。该系统将桥梁结构的3D模型与施工进度计划和资源信息相互链接,实现大桥施工进度、人力、材料、机械、施工质量的4D动态管理和优化控制,以及整个施工过程的可视化模拟。本研究对于提高青岛海湾大桥工程的施工效率和信息化管理水平,取得了显著的成效。

In order to enhance Qingdao Bay Bridge project management level and efficiency , Tsinghua University , cooperation with the investors, developed 4D construction management system for Qingdao Bay Bridge by establishing the Qingdao Bay Bridge 4D information model and its information integration mechanism. The system implemented the construction visual simulation and 4D dynamic managements of construction progress, labor, material, machinery and construction quality by the mutual links of engineering model, construction schedule and resources. The experimental results show that 4D technology is supposed to raise information management and improve the efficiency of the Qingdao Bay Bridge project. The research presents a new information management method for bridge construction, and has a high practical value and broad prospects.

针对传统工程决策支持系统(EDSS)在知识获取和适用范围等方面的固有不足,提出一种将数据挖掘技术与工程决策支持技术进行集成的新机制,介绍相应的智能工程决策平台DM-EDSS的设计和实现.DM-EDSS是一个通用的工程决策支持平台,能够自动从已有的历史工程数据中提取出有价值知识(预测模型或规则),并以此为基础进行决策推理,从而辅助解决工程决策问题.案例研究的结果表明:DM-EDSS从工程数据中提取出的知识对于工程决策有着较高的参考价值,其推理预测的结果具有较高的准确度,能够满足工程实践的使用需求.

In order to overcome the inherent shortcom ings in know ledge acquisition and applicability of traditional engineering decision support systems(EDSS), a new mechanism that integrates datamining(DM) technology with engineering decision support technologies is proposed and an intelligent decision support plat form for engineering decision makings named DM-EDSS is introduced. DM-EDSS aims to automatically extract useful know ledge (predictive models or rules) from a large amount of historical engineering data, and provide decision supports to solve new engineering problems by reasoning on the extracted know ledge. The results of case study show that the know ledge extracted by DM-EDSS can provide valuable suggestions for engineering decisionm akings, and the reasoning results are of acceptable precisions that can meet the requirements of engineering practices.

The data related to operation and maintenance (O&M) of infrastructure exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity, decentralization, and multiform due to extensive collaboration and long-term operation in the construction industry. Much effort should be made for eliminating the information gap between various forms of data. The main objective of this research is to develop a fusion model that integrates diverse O&M data, including BIM, GIS model and specification texts, for infrastructures. An ontology system was constructed referencing IFC & CityGML data framework and terminology, and utilized to establish the association between the extracted knowledge structure and data model. The proposed framework achieved semantic interoperability between the BIM-GIS model and domain knowledge graph. The results of fusion modelling was presented on a developed 3D graphic platform, and verified in the exemplary case of an O&M engineering project.

Building consume a large amount of energy and a plenty of methods  to mine into energy consumption data  to  aid  intelligent  management  are  proposed. However, the  data quality issues  are inevitable and the  influence  is  lack  of  discussion.  This  paper proposed a data cleaning method combing threshold and  cluster  method.  This  paper  also  proposed  an index to  evaluate the accuracy improvement on big data prediction. A  case study is conducted and  it is found that the accuracy of data filling is not sure to agree  with  the  improvement  of  prediction  after filling.

Building Information Model (BIM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are both important data sources in the design and construction of buildings, and they have different emphasis on building information definition. A unified database that integrates BIM and GIS information is needed in many cases. However, most of the studies and applications of BIM-GIS integration are concentrated in urban buildings. Research on BIM-GIS integration in rural buildings is still rare. In fact, rural residences usually have different information characteristics with urban buildings. These characteristics need to be carefully considered to achieve effective information integration. A lightweight BIM-GIS integration method for rural building design and construction was proposed in this paper. The proposed method integrates BIM and GIS based on the Cesium platform, and realizes multi-scale lightweight algorithm based on the characteristics of rural houses. Based on a case study, the proposed method demonstrates its feasibility and efficiency in integrating BIM and GIS data. We believe it can assist with the design and construction of rural buildings.

Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) systems are critical assets in buildings. A series of systematic specifications have been developed and extensive experiences have been accumulated as human knowledge to guide the design and maintenance of MEP systems. However, most of the MEP-related knowledge is represented in the form of unstructured texts and heterogeneously dispersed in the design documents and Internet. It is therefore difficult for managing, querying and utilizing them. To address this challenge, the research study described in this paper constructed a knowledge graph by automatic collecting and storing of MEP knowledge from unstructured data. Specifically, the MEP documents were first acquired from the Internet, and multiple Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques were then adopted to extract entity and discover relationship from the information documented in these documents. Finally, the knowledge graph was established and presented in a vivid form. The constructed knowledge graph is expected to contribute to the promotion of AI technology in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry.

Detection of design changes is essential for collaboration and version management in the design process of buildings. However, current detection methods based on Building Information Modeling (BIM) usually cause unreliable or meaningless results. This is because most of the current researches look at the question from a data change view, which sometimes is meaningless from a designer’s view. To overcome this problem, this paper first classifies and identifies meaningful design changes from a designer's view, and develops exemplary BIM models of typical design changes. In this paper, categories of data changes are divided into property data, appearance data and relationship data, and design changes are classified into instance level, type level and model level from a designer’s view. The test of two BIM tools (Autodesk BIM360 and IFCdiff) with developed BIM models shows that the detection results for changes at instance level are perfect while detection results for type and model level still need to be further improved. This work contributes a new view and classification method of design changes, and also sets up a baseline model database for further development and validation of relevant methods and tools.

The past few decades have witnessed the birth and development of BIM technologies, greatly enhancing the extent, quality and efficiency of the operation and maintenance management of buildings. It is critical that the building managing community is aware of this groundbreaking tool. Traditional operation and maintenance management practices are largely hurdled by the difficulty to retrieve precise, real-time, full-scale and multi-dimensionalbuilding system data, to which a solution is presented by the combination of BIM technologies with sensor systems, which collect data including occupant presence, utility usage, environmental parameters, etc. Additionally, BIM technologies also present managers with a means to query building system information in case of emergencies, such as locating faulty wires or finding shortest path for evacuation. This paper takes a recently constructed building in Shenzhen, China as an example, and looks into how BIM-based management system may exploit sensors implemented inside the building to help exert efficient environmental monitoring, and provide assistance for managing emergency evacuations.

Information technology such as Building Information Modeling, 3D-printing provides an innovativeapproach for construction project management, aiming at increasing efficiency, improving quality and reducingcost. Construction corporations in mainland China are making active attempts to increase the informatization levelin construction projects. This paper discusses Beijing Headquarter building project of Tencent as a case study forthe information technology application in the construction phase in terms of how information technology canimprove construction management for general contractor.The project for case study is designed as a large public building located in Beijing, with a footprint areaof 334,386 square meters. Considering the complexity of the structure, tight schedule and difficulties in detailedconstruction, various of attempts of information technology application have been made in the project, including4D-BIM integrated management, 3D-printing, construction simulation. These attempts cover schedule, quality,safety and cost management, resulting in reduction of redundant work, optimized detailed design, improvedefficiency, etc. This paper examines the process of each application and analyzes the necessity of each techniqueby comparing the benefits and the devotion. This project won the first prize in “Longtu Cup” national BIMcompetition in 2015 and held an exhibition presenting information technology application.The paper also discusses the value and challenges appeared during the application of informationtechnology in the case. Information technology application can result in resource and workload reduction, problemsolving in advance and realizing precise management, thus improving construction management for generalcontractor. However, promoting information technology application can be challenging at first, given themanagement team is not familiar enough with the techniques. Countermeasures are proposed regarding thechallenges and difficulties arose in the case.

Safety monitoring remains a challenging issue in engineering construction although the demand for safety monitoring has reached its peak. This study investigates the innovative application of building information modeling/model (BIM) technology in the safety monitoring of engineering projects. BIM technology provides the design and development of monitoring data interface, the visualization and dynamic integration of monitoring data, security monitoring management, dynamic security analysis, safety prediction, and early warning system for engineering projects. Through the successful implementation in the Xu Huaiyan Bridge project, the validity and feasibility of BIM-based safety monitoring and management in guaranteeing safety and quality in construction were confirmed, thereby proving that it would worthy of further application and promotion.

Construction projects are challenging because of significant investment from various investors. The completion of construction work also requires the collaboration among experts from several disciplines. However, previous works on the integration of information available in the design, construction, and maintenance phases are insufficient. In this study, we initially reviewed the previous studies in this area and then discussed the possible challenges and demands. Afterward, we presented a thorough comparison of different models (i.e., Tekla model as architectural model and Midas Civil model as structural analysis model) and software applications. Then, we proposed a novel approach in which a unified information model and a region-based feature point matching algorithm (RFPMA) were employed to enhance the integration of information available in different phases of a construction project. Furthermore it has been achieved to dynamically integrate the monitoring data and analysis results into the unified inform  model. Finally, we proposed the method and the overall workflow that show how the available information in different phases is integrated. The proposed approach was implemented in a Client Server (C/S) platform and applied in a large real project located at Jinan, Shandong Province, China, which is called Jinan Yellow River Bridge. The application involved several scenarios, including information sharing between Tekla model and Midas Civil model, synchronous model updating and data visualization, and collaborative analysis of the safety level during the construction process. This research has made a breakthrough in the theory, technology, and application of model integration and has established the foundation for safety management.

Ensuring personnel safety is mandatory in the operation and maintenance (O&M) management of large public buildings. Personnel safety hazards should be controlled in the O&M phase. As a crucial step in controlling hazards, the evaluation of the safety level should be based on the most accurate information. However, difficulties arise in such evaluation because of the complexity of variables that influence personnel safety. For this reason, this paper proposes a novel approach for evaluating personnel safety in public buildings. The proposed technique is based on two machine learning methods that apply building information model/modeling (BIM) technology. The proposed framework implements a supervised machine learning process through the following steps: (1) a training set, which is an integration of already known personnel safety levels derived from different sources, such as expert opinion, historical accident records, and attributes of the region, and the necessary data are extracted from BIM; (2) both decision tree and support vector machine are employed to summarize the evaluation rules; (3) evaluation of the safety levels of all regions of the building is performed automatically in accordance with these rules. The outputs would help O&M managers in dealing with each safety hazard. The proposed approach was implemented through a prototype and applied to a real public building, thereby proving that the machine learning methods were accurate and feasible in terms of safety evaluation. The proposed approach provided valuable information regarding safety management during the O&M phase.

Standard-unit is a residential design template which is concluded from flats sharing the same layout, similardecorating style, and same kind of furniture and appliances. Conventional way to implement standard-unit is touse standard design drawings. Such drawings are mainly kept as hard-copies or CAD digital files, which lackssemantic information and makes it difficult to fully utilize the standard-units. Building InformationModel/Modeling (BIM) technology provides a solution to enhance the implementation of standard-unit. In thisstudy, we first developed a series of algorithm to extract semantic, topological and hierarchical information fromIFC-files. Then a topological and hierarchical information integration approach was proposed for standard-unitbased residential planning. A prototype database and modeling system were also developed to demonstrate thisapproach. Both the database and modeling system were tested with real project data. The application indicates thatthe proposed approach can efficiently integrate topological and hierarchical information in the residential project.

In addition to difficulties in collaboration and information sharing, each of the participants in Hedong metro station in Guangzhou, China, has special BIM-based management requirements during construction Based on a detail field investigation of different requirements from different participants, a series of methods including integrating different parametric 3D models, establishing the construction schedule and the 4D model by attaching each 3D component with a region attribute, and the order sheet method for construction process control were proposed to achieve meticulous construction management for this project. Then, a BIM-based multi-platform construction management system was developed for the owner, the engineering consultant and contractors. The application results show that the proposed methods and system reduced project cost, shortened construction duration, and ensured the safety of construction by contributing to the real-time communication and data exchanges within construction process and enabling tracking project updates and rapidly updating the data of construction activities.

Existing methods for onsite safety and quality management mainly focus on particular purposes such as risk detection, accident warning and quality monitoring, and are limited in construction phase. In order to control the quality and safety on the construction site, inspections with location information are applied to the management process. Existing methods to integrate location information to a reliable data source according to Building information modeling (BIM) technology is to manually input information delivered by hardcopies. However, the unreliable operation process limits the result validity and the efficiency of subsequent management. In this study, a concept called Onsite Inspection BIM is proposed for construction onsite information integration. Then a location-dynamic data collection approach and a location-dynamic onsite management framework are presented. Finally, a prototype system is developed and implemented in the construction of a metro station, demonstrating the feasibility and effects of the proposed solution.

By integrating physical 3D elements with time, 4D technology provides a comprehensive tool to visualize construction sequences as part of an interactive experience. With years of development, 4D technologies were adopted in more and more projects, to improve crew coordination, shorten the construction period, and to reduce request for information. Though research that improves the productivity of 4D tools exists, most studies so far failed to keep synchronization between work schedules and animations and are not capable to verify the 4D model automatically. By evaluating commonly used 4D visualization tools, the pros and cons are concluded in this article. Then, a schedule-driven 4D model is proposed, which consists of physical element model, geometry model, schedule model and visualization model. With this model, different construction operations can be represented by colors, textures, and transformations. What's more, processes for model verification and frame rendering were proposed in this research. Finally, demonstration of this model was implemented in the construction of a cable-stayed truss bridge over the Yangtze River. It is illustrated that with automatic model verification and a better visualization, the proposed model can reduce rework and mistakes. Future improvements of the model are also discussed in this article. 

Projects in the Architectural Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry involve several organizations and practitioners who require sharing very diverse set of information and models. Building Information Modeling (BIM) and open standards such as Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) have made substantial progress in improving the interoperability in recent years. However, inadequate interoperability is still inflicting an economic burden and is considered one of the main limiting factors for BIM adoption. This paper presents an IFC and Web-based approach and tool that enable a bidirectional conversion among structural analysis models. The approach consists of an IFC-based unified information model and a number of algorithms that help overcoming the differences between the data structures and representation logics of different structural analysis technologies. A web-based platform, that utilizes WebGL, was developed to enable the sharing and converting of different building models. The testing of the approach and the platform developed, in a live case study, demonstrated consistency in the conversion process and stability and rendering quality in the display of models over the Web browser.

The preliminary stage of a residential real estate project is of great importance but also is known to be with poor efficiency. However, residential real estate project contains numerous built standard units such as dwelling units and floors. By introducing BIM, this research tapped the full potential of this advantage to improve the performance of the preliminary plan modeling in residential real estate projects. This research proposed a standard-unit-based modeling approach which contains 3 main steps: 1) standard unit management, 2) rapid plan modeling and 3) in-time estimation.By integrating functions such as intelligent standard unit boundary revision, sun analysis, multi-level and information-based model visualization,a prototype system was developed based on this approach, and wasapplied to a real estate project in Xian, China. The results indicate that this approach has the potential to improve the efficiency and quality of preliminary plan.

With the amount increasing, the BIM (Building Information Modeling or Building Information Model) data exchange and sharing face a series ofchallenges includingintegration ofdisparate data models,fast information extraction anddata consistency maintenance. Since the existing BIM data storing and transferring method based on neutral files or a centralized database cannot meet theabove-mentioned requirements, a framework ofdistributedBIMservice on a private cloud platform was proposed. By this BIM service, multi-stage participants store relevant data on their own servers, which arevirtually integratedthrough a CC (cloud computing) platformto form a logically complete BIM. It supports participantsto establish, manageand transfer consistentBIM data efficiently withensuring ofdata privacy.Toachieve this BIM service, a BIM integration and service platform (BIMISP) based on IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) and CC was developed. Proved by experiments, the research achievements are useful for improving the efficiency and quality of information extraction and delivery, ensuring the safety and legality of data sharing during building lifecycle.

Building Information Model (BIM) encompasses mass of data specified by Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)from multiple fields during the whole lifecycle of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) project.Recently, a large international initiative is launched to provide extensive support that will facilitate the creation,sharing and integration for BIM through all professions in the AEC industry, while few bend their mind tointelligent BIM data mining, which will improve the value of BIM. As the Information becoming increasinglyrich and complicated, utilization of the data is getting harder, particularly for personnel without extensiveknowledge of IFC specifications.This paper proposes a framework utilizing Natural Language Processing (NLP) and International Frameworkfor Dictionaries (IFD) to address the intelligent BIM data mining problem. First, user requirements depicted witha sentence of natural language are processed for keywords extraction by NLP. Then, keywords will map to IFCentities (or properties) through IFD-driven mapping mechanism, providing information for data retrieval. Finally,the analyzed results of BIM data collected by previous research and application will be represented in accordancewith its format such as tables, charts, animations or combination of them. The framework provides an intelligentdata mining and multi-aspect data representation method for users without any special training, thus enhancingthe applicable value of BIM.Practical application results in construction management illustrates that with semantic understanding ofhis/her intention in natural language, user concerned data will be automatically retrieved, analyzed andrepresented in a suitable form, which is of great benefit for corporations without requiring extremelytechnological users, facilitating BIM application and enhancing the value of BIM.

With the deepening research of BIM, BIM applications have been permeated into each phase of thebuilding life cycles. However, there is less research and engineering application during the operationand maintenance of property facility management, i.e., lacking of specific feasible solutions.Combining with actual major projects, addressing to three demands, respectly the durabilitymonitoring and safety evaluation, the information management of mechanical and electricalequipment, and the simulation and optimization of airport business processes, how to apply BIM inthe operation and maintenance stage were discussed from following three aspects, namely thesupporting technologies, research contents and anticipated goals, so as to realize the comprehensivemonitoring, simulation, optimization and management of BIM and other modern informationtechnology. Among the said three application research frameworks proposed in this paper, the BIMbaseddurability monitoring in the operation and maintenance period is expected to be applied inlarge-sized bridge projects, and the other two have been put into the project approval and applicationin an ongoing large airport construction project, which are expected to receive great social andeconomic benefits and can be further researched and deeply applied in other similar projects.

Efficient evaluation and maintenance management on bridge during the operation and maintenance period havealways been key issues which bridge maintenance department and municipal bridge management department arevery concerned about. With the development of computer technology, Bridge Management System (BMS) cameinto being. However, current systems have some common problems, for instance, incomplete managementsystems, backward and inaccurate analysis and evaluation models, weak database functions and imperfectembodiments of human-computer interaction, etc. In order to solve these problems and aim at researching anddeveloping a generalized BMS, an approach to life cycle management for bridge, and the detailed workflow arepresented in this paper, followed by establishing a scientific analysis and evaluation model of a bridge. In thismanner, the core technological solutions for BMS based on B/S structure and GIS service are discussed.According to the above solutions, a prototype system of comprehensive management and evaluation for bridgesis developed, giving a cautiously positive outlook for the new-generation BMS.

IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) laid the foundation for interoperability with different applications. However, the IFC lacked the specifications for the process, such as where and when the information was created, edited, and exchanged. Determining what and when to share is difficult. Thus, IDM (Information Delivery Manual) was introduced to capture the business process while providing detailed user-defined specifications on the information that need to be exchanged at particular points within a project. However, the development of IDM needs the widespread support of participants who have high professionalism. Thus, the development of IDM lasts long, and the model view of the exchange requirement is difficult to modify, which obstructs BIM (Building Information Modeling) information sharing. In this paper, the technical framework of the BIM process information exchange was proposed based on the relationships among IDM, IFC, and IFD (International Framework for Dictionaries). According to the framework, the basic method for BIM process information exchange, which is composed of process modelling and exchange requirement extraction based on IDM, model view auto-generation depending on natural specification of exchange requirement, exchanging data by the requirement view in a linear sequence, was established. The exchange requirement model view auto-generation application was also developed. Actual practice in the 4D (4-Dimensional) construction management system of the information specified by the exchange requirement view was presented. Application results illustrate that the framework and the method for BIM process information exchange is effective, and helps in the safe, accurate, and highly efficient exchange, sharing, and integration of data.

This paper focuses on several key technologies in Building Information Modeling (BIM) to providethe technical route and method for building a high-quality BIM. The paper discusses the direct use ofthe Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) data structure in a building information modeling system tominimize data loss theoretically. This work also addresses the efficiency problem, which is one of thebiggest obstacles in the application of IFC. In this research, the IFC information expression, includinggeometry, material definitions, and construction properties, among others, is studied, and a modelingsystem based on IFC is developed to build an IFC-represented model. Engineering information, suchas physical quantity, material, schedule, cost, safety, and quality, as well as extensible properties, hasalso been added or edited into the previously established model. The paper presents several IFCmodel transformation technologies, including model reconstruction of IFC data, solid-to-surfacemodel conversion, mesh simplification for surface model, and repeating unit simplification based onmapping. Application of these technologies could improve system efficiency and IFC datatransmission efficiency to a certain extent.

Building Information Model (BIM) is a full-fledged digital framework that models building components and their relationships. As a subset module of BIM, a sub-BIM focuses on a certain field or objective and provides all related building information. Aiming at the unsolved problems of establishing the complete BIM at the beginning of a project, this paper presents a feasible and necessary method for the implementation of BIM applications by combining various sub-BIMs. The research took the National Stadium of 2008 Olympic Game as a case study in which an Industry Foundation Class (IFC) -based sub-BIM, 4D Structural Information Model was developed by combining three smaller sub-BIMs to support 4D structural safety analysis during construction, so that time-dependent structural analysis could be carried out precisely following the construction activities. The case study shows that the proposed method is rational and feasible, and it is an integrated and intelligent method for building lifecycle management.

This paper presents a dynamic construction site layout modeling technique developed to follow an open architecture in a four dimensional (4D) environment. We intend to address the limitations of established two dimensional (2D) site layout planning approaches by processing information of site facilities in three dimensions (3D) and alleviate the difficulties of creating new types of facilities as experienced by existing 3D/4D-based methods. The new modeling technique enables creation and insertion of new types of fa-cilities to the site layout model, driven by the diverse nature of construction sites. In addition, the new tech-nique also seamlessly adds location and progress data in a site layout model.  Its basic architecture and components, including database design, facility components and 4D environments are described. In order to demonstrate its advantages, a case study is presented on how to apply the proposed modeling method at a high-rise building site.

This research presents a university-industry joint research endeavor in applying simulation modeling combined with genetic optimization to the prefabricated steel-structure installation operations in an ongoing stadium construction project in Beijing. The simulation platform of SDESA (simplified discrete-event simulation approach) resulting from the latest research was utilized to establish the construction process model. By simulating, analyzing and optimizing this process model, valuable and practical recommendations are provided to the contractor and the steel prefabricator, allowing them to reduce the resource utilization, improve the construction efficiency and shorten the project period.

隔震结构因其能延长上部结构周期与增大阻尼的特性而被广泛应用于抗震结构工程项目。运用结构设计软件过程中，BIM技术在隔震结构设计的方案设计优化与分析地震影响两阶段发挥重要作用。本研究选取某高烈度区(Ⅸ度)住院楼作为研究对象，明确隔震目标与思路，利用YJK软件与SAUSG-PI软件建立隔震层与上部结构模型、分析结果并优化模型，同时进行设防地震振型分解反应谱分析、罕遇地震弹塑性时程分析两大地震影响分析。

随着信息化和网络化的发展，城市基础设施正在加速向智能运维转型。为充分发挥大数据及物联网的优势，本文将聚焦运维阶段路桥的融合。首先调研了路桥在运维阶段的关键数据和其获取方式，而后先将建筑信息模型转化为地理三维模型，二类静态数据互补以描绘路桥的全面信息。再将三小类地理模型数据均转化为空间三维数据，实现路桥模型在同一平台的可视化。最后以某改扩建项目为试验模型，实证上述研究方法的可行性。

随着海上风电项目向深海扩展，其施工难度也相应提升，需要有效模拟仿真方法进行辅助。本研究将数字孪生技术引入浮式风机安装，设计安装工程的数字孪生框架，依次构建数据层、融合层以及应用层三个层次，据此实现数据的同步反演以及安装过程模拟、力学状态仿真分析及异常识别三项功能应用。工程实践中，基于本研究可提前发现问题并优化施工方案，提升安装管理水平及效率。

工程安全管理的数字化转型需要以知识支持为导向。针对建筑行业积累的大量安全生产资料，知识图谱技术的引入可实现数据集成向知识集成的转换，提升信息的价值密度和应用广度。本研究选取公路工程安全领域为研究对象，通过构建知识图谱的方法为工程安全管理提供知识支持，并基于BIM模型实例，展示知识图谱在实际场景下对安全管理的引导作用。

建筑风灾的灾前预防评估和灾后应对对于防灾减灾工作而言相当重要。现今主流的试验、计算方法往往结果精确，但因对试验和计算条件、相关人员专业性的要求而成本高而难以推广。本课题通过收集既往风灾数据，使用机器学习、近邻检索、知识图谱等技术，实现建筑风灾致损情况预测、相似案例检索、知识自动问答功能，构建建筑风环境灾害评估平台，实现对建筑风环境致损的快逸预测判断，并能提供相关知识，为制定风灾应对策略提供参考。

建筑信息模型（Building Information Modeling，BIM）包含了丰富的建筑几何和语义信息，对于建筑供暖、通风和空调（HVAC）系统的运维和管理具有重要意义。然而，多数老旧建筑仅有二维图纸，并且人工从图纸重建HVAC系统的BIM繁琐费时。因此，本研究提出一种结合深度学习和图像处理的方法，抽取图纸中构件语义和几何信息，用于自动化重建BIM。本研究以老旧建筑的HVAC系统为例进行实验，验证了所提出方法的有效性。

建筑业是典型的信息和知识密集型行业。目前所公认的是，以BIM为代表的建筑技术成功收集了大量数据和知识源，然而目前对这些知识的获取、检索、应用等各个方面还很差。对此，本研究首先对建筑业中的知识工程和知识科学进行了系统综述，以强调知识工程在行业中的重要价值。接着，以MEP领域作为具体切入点，探索了通过领域文本构建知识图谱的技术流程，并进一步提出了基于知识图谱的知识检索应用框架，包括模型构件的逻辑关系分析以及合规性审查推荐等。

为了提高监理行业的管理能力与效率，发展信息化的智慧监理刻不容缓，目前学者们研究了大量可用于监理工作的智能应用。本文通过对相关智能应用进行梳理，提取总结了各种智能应用所包含的的信息化技术，并根据各信息化技术的服务对象和应用领域将其分别归纳进监理工作内容“三控制、三管理、一协调”中的一个或多个环节中。可指导各监理企业分别从监理工作的每个环节对自身所使用的信息化技术进行查漏补缺，以提高自身智慧化程度。

通过分析建筑运维期能耗管理的内容，总结建筑运缠期能耗管理数据及其特点，分析建筑适维期能耗数据的管理模式，基于统一管理型能耗数据管理模式，提出一种建筑运维期能耗数据管理与应用架构，基于标准化分布式的能耗管理数据平台，向不同地区、不同建筑的能耗管理者提供统一的数据应用，并分析了在此管理架构中所需要突破的关键技术。

随着我国建筑行业的高速发展，建筑领域在各个方面积累了大量的原始数据，如何从这些琐碎的数据中获取结构化的知识成为了行业智能化所面临的新问题，而知识图谱是一个很好的解决方案。在构建知识图谱的过程中，本研究分别应用和评估了BiLSTM-CRF和ResCNN模型，结果表明它们具有良好的性能。针对机电设备规范中的属性约束条件，本研究提出了一种基于知识图谱的提取方法，该方法对于辅助 BIM 模型的审查具有重要意义。

建筑设备运维管理期间会涉及海量专业信息，其中大量信息与机电系统相关。然而，由于目前这些信息的储存于表示并不利于计算机进行处理，因此在涉及到机电设备管理的各方面工作中，仍然需要借助专业人士的经验积累。本研究针对上述问题，引入了知识图谱对其进行优化尝试，构建了建筑机电领域的一个知识图谱原型，并将其应用于一个案例中，取得了较好的效果。

随着建筑行业的发展和大数据时代的来临，建筑生命周期中产生和涉及的数据量也不断增加，依赖传统的数据处理手段已经无法满足数据处理的需求。因此，将大数据处理的相关技术引入建筑行业并加以应用刻不容缓。本文以大型建筑MEP模型的存储优化技术和能耗监测大数据的提取技术为例，讨论大数据处理技术在建筑行业中的具体应用。

盾构机所处地层信息对指导盾构施工具有重要意义。目前，人们对工程地质的了解主要来自于事前钻孔勘探，成本较高且在地层复杂时难以满足精度需求。本研究借助数据挖掘技术，由盾构机监测数据构造分类模型，实现了对盾构机所处地层的实时预测。同时，本文进一步引入BIM技术，对预测结果进行自动建模与可视化展示。经实例验证，地层预测结果具有较高精度，可作为勘测信息的有效补充，为盾构施工提供信息参考。

地铁站周边往往是开发的热点和重点区域，大量的外部项目施工会对地铁运营造成影响。“地铁保护”正是专门评估、发现并控制外部项目对于地铁结构的潜在威胁的工作。针对当前“地铁保护”工作中模型杂乱、信息提取困难、数据处理分析手段有限等问题，本研究引入BIM技术，开发基于BIM的地铁保护系统，通过富含信息的BIM模型为地铁保护的评审、巡检提供支持。在广州地铁磨碟沙至新港东站的试用中表明，BIM技术的引入能够达到提高地保工作效率、节省时间成本的效果。

在再生水厂的运行过程中，可能发生来水量骤增等不利情况，如果对再生水位各区域的水位调控不当，内部机电设备将会被水淹没，进而影响整个水厂的运转，造成重大损失。本研究针对以上问题，基于IFC标准和监测数据，结合人工神经网络算法实现再生水厂来水量预测，并建立计算模型实现水厂各区域水位的动态模拟预测和分析，最后，基于课题组已有的BIM-FIM平台开发基于BIM的水厂水位控制系统，提高水厂的运维效率。

本文面向建筑物智能运维，根据信息物理系统的架构，设计了一套智能照明系统解决方案。首先提出利用传感器系统实现信息采集，并利用可编程智能照明设备作为实现器。然后，提出基于被动学习策略的改进的聚类分析算法以及改进的SIFT算法，来进行用户的模式识别，并使系统对用户行为具有适应性。最后，设计了一个基于HTTP的网络系统和基于BIM技术的实时展示系统，并对该系统进行了实现并进行了测试，证明效果具有可行性。

绿色建筑和智能建筑中都安装有大量建筑性能数据的监测器，这些监测数据一般在长期的时间跨度存在周期规律。本研究以ＢＩＭ为基础数据源和可视化平台，通过离散傅里叶变换这一数学工具，对集成至ＢＩＭ的建筑监测数据进行了时间多尺度和空间多尺度的分析，最后运用多种方式展示分析结果。在ＭＡＴＬＡＢ中进行了监测数据的离散傅里叶分析。应用ＢＩＭ和ＭＡＴＬＡＢ实现了监测数据可视化。然后定制开发了ＢＩＭＳｔａｒ中的对应功能模块，应用于实际的工程，为建筑运维管理提供了应用平台。

地铁项目各参与方在施工管理过程中，面临着工作协同和信息共享等方面的困难，同时，各参与方也有着不同的ＢＩＭ管理需求。该研究首先对各参与方的需求进行了详细的调研，针对这些需求，提出了参数化模型整合方法，基于空间属性的4Ｄ模型建立方法，基于派工单的施工过程管控方法等一系列基于ＢＩＭ的施工过程管理方法，实现地铁施工的精细化管理。面向业主方、监理方和施工方，开发了基于ＢＩＭ的多平台施工管理系统，并在鹤洞地铁站项目施工管理过程中进行应用。应用结果表明，基于ＢＩＭ的施工管理方法和系统能够促进施工过程中信息共享与交流，使得各参与方及时跟踪施工现场的最新动态，从而减少工程成本，缩短建设周期，保证施工安全。

目前已有的施工现场质量安全管理的目的性较强，如风险发掘、事故预警以及质量监测等。并且绝大多数局限于施工阶段，成果应用并不面向全生命期。为了控制施工现场的质量与安全，基于信息定位的现场检查技术已经被应用于施工管理过程中。目前将位置信息与类似ＢＩＭ的完备数据源进行关联主要通过人工录入这种低效与不可靠的方式进行，在对进度与成本有较高要求的施工管理中难以令人接受。本文针对施工现场质量与安全管理的需求，为了解决其中信息集成的问题，提出了现场检查ＢＩＭ的概念。同时，提出了基于ＢＩＭ的现场非固定信息采集方法与现场非固定问题管理框架。最终，该理论的原型系统被应用于广州地铁项目中，并且取得了值得肯定的成果。 

因驾驶员对停车场内部状况缺乏了解造成停车困难的现象时有发生，同时，现有的停车场管理系统不能与建筑内其他系统进行有效的信息共享。BIM技术的出现为解决这些问题提供了新的途径。通过研究基于IFC的停车场内部道路拓扑模型自动生成方法，停车位动态信息获取与集成方法，最优路径生成方法等，建立基于BIM的停车场动态模型。同时，开发基于BIM的停车场智能管理原型系统，实现了车辆出入库管理、车位状态的可视化显示、泊车引导等。

针对目前建筑活动中，建筑设计、结构分析以及施工管理相对独立，从而制约建筑施工期安全管理的问题，本研究通过引入建筑信息模型的概念，结合成熟的4D施工管理技术，提出基于子信息模型的4D施工安全分析方法。其中，为解决建筑全信息模型无法在生命初期一次建立的困难，本文提出面向特定领域或对象，通过抽取相关的核心信息并建立子信息模型的新方法，并描述了四个子信息模型：基本建筑信息模型、4D信息模型、结构信息模型以及4D施工安全信息模型。本研究通过建立“国家体育场”工程的4D施工安全信息模型，并应用于4D施工过程的安全分析，实现了基于工序的结构体系计算。结果表明，基于子信息模型和4D技术的施工过程安全分析，能大大减少施工管理和结构建模的工作量，为施工过程安全分析理论的实际应用探索了可行的途径和方法。

To address the issues of constraining construction safety management caused by relative independence of architectural design, structural analysis and construction management, the research introduced the concept of building information model (BIM), and 4D construction management to construction safety analysis applications. To solve the problems of establishing the complete BIM at the beginning of a project, the paper presents a new concept of sub-BIM by focusing on specific domain or subjective, extracting kernel information. The paper also describes four sub-BIMs, namely Basic Information Model, 4D Information model, Structural Information Model and 4D Construction Safety Information Model. The research took the National Stadium as a case study that 4D Construction Safety Information Model was established to support 4D construction safety analysis. The case demonstrates that sub-BIMs are feasible and rational for reducing the workload of construction management and structure modeling, supporting the effective implementation of construction safety analysis.

由于建筑在施工期结构安全事故频发，已经引起人们和政府部门对建筑工程施工期安全问题的高度重视，探索更为科学、精确的施工期建筑结构安全分析方法也成为当前的研究热点。本文在总结现有施工期时变结构安全分析方法的基础上，引入4D－CAD和建筑信息建模技术，提出了基于4D信息模型的施工期安全分析模型和系统架构。通过4D信息模型，将4D技术与建筑信息模型结合并应用到建筑施工期时变结构的安全分析，能契合“时变”内涵，大大简化分析过程，实现从设计阶段到施工阶段的信息交换和共享，并能对建筑施工期时变结构的安全分析过程进行4D可视化动态模拟。

The safety problem of building during construction is attached importance to both people and government due to frequently accidents. As a result, seeking after more scientific and accurate methods of safety analysis during construction has become an emergent research area. By inducting 4D-CAD and building information modeling technologies, a safety analysis model and system framework were proposed in this paper based on the summarization of current analysis methods. Through 4D information model corresponding to time-dependent connotation, the process of analysis is prominently simplified and the goal of exchange and communion of information during design period and construction period is achieved together with 4D visualized simulation.

建筑业是我国的支柱产业之一。然而，与发达国家相比，我国建筑业仍属于劳动密集型的粗放型产业，生产效率低，整体科技水平不高。本文立足于我国建筑业当前状况，从多方面、多角度思考了我国建筑业在科技发展、成果转化、推广应用中存在的问题，再结合我国具体国情，借鉴先进国家建筑业科技发展和推广过程中的经验，提出若干对策。

The construction industry is one of the foundational industries in China. However, compared with some advanced countries, it is still a labor intensive industry and of low productivity. This paper raises the difficulties of science and technologies development, implementation technology and industrialization technology in building industry based on the current status of construction in China. Then experiences from advanced countries are used for reference and some countermeasures are presented.

本文基于对当前建筑施工企业管理现状的分析，通过对国内建筑施工企业组织体制、管理方式、工作流程以及信息化现状的研究，结合先进的管理模式和信息技术，提出了建筑施工企业信息化的总体框架以及系统实现的关键技术。该框架可用于指导建筑施工企业信息化管理系统的规划和实施，也可为制定我国建设领域信息化发展的相关策略提供参考。

The framework of an information management system for construction enterprise integrated with the advanced management mode and potential information technologies has been established, based on extensive field investigations and analysis for the organization system, management mode, work flow and information management status of construction enterprises. The framework can be used to guide the design and implementation of information management system for construction enterprise. This study should also provide some references to make relative policies for promoting the application of information technology in the construction industry in China.

建筑业是我国的支柱产业之一。然而，与发达国家相比，我国建筑业还属于劳动密集型的粗放型产业，生产率低，整体科技水平不高。了解国外建筑业科技创新现状和发展趋势，对于把握我国建筑业发展方向，以迎接信息技术和知识经济带来的挑战，提升国家、行业和企业的竞争力，具有重要意义。

The construction industry is one of the foundational industries in China. However, compared with some advanced countries, it is still a labor intensive industry and of low productivity. In order to meet the challenges brought by information technologies and knowledge-based economy, and promote the competition ability of China’s construction industry, it is of crucial importance to survey the current status and development trends of science and technologies in the global construction industry.

在建筑业高速发展的今天，建筑业的低效率问题和浪费现象却越来越明显。为了统筹建筑生命期各个阶段所产生的海量信息和多元化应用需求，引入BIM（Building Information Model，建筑信息模型）的理念和技术，应用于BLM（Building Lifecycle Management，建筑生命期管理）具有重大的社会和经济意义。尽管近年来已经有了应用BIM技术的众多实际工程项目和案例，也取得了一些让人欣慰的成果，然而，BIM技术的发展，以及BLM的全面实现，依然任重道远，这也意味着还需要对涉及到的众多关键技术进行一项一项地深入研究和重点突破。本研究通过引入BIM技术，面向建筑生命期的安全分析和管理，提出了基于BIM的BLM框架，并参照IFC（Industrial Foundation Classes，工业基础类）国际标准，研究了BIM的IFC描述。在此基础上，通过引入碰撞检测算法、时变结构分析、耐久性监测、离散事件模拟算法等领域的知识和最新成果，面向建筑生命期中安全分析和管理的四个典型应用，即1）BIM的建立和共享；2）面向安全性能的协同设计；3）施工过程安全分析与管理；4）运维期监测与管理，系统地研究了实现的理论、方法、技术，以及探讨了在研的一些内容与展望，并通过一些工程实例对其可行性和有效性进行了验证。本研究的成果表明：通过引入BIM技术，可以将建筑生命期内产生的信息统一管理起来，为建筑生命期安全分析和管理提供新的思路和工具，从而解决信息孤岛、信息断层等信息共享难、流通难的问题。研究成果对于提高建筑生命期安全性能以及推动土木工程信息技术的发展，尤其是确保安全信息的一致性，提高安全信息利用的效率，具有理论意义和应用前景。

Though the construction industry is developing rapidly today, low efficiency and labor waste have become increasingly obvious. In order to co-ordinate the huge amounts of information and diverse application requirements emerged during every stage of the building lifecycle, it is of great social and economic significance to introduce the concept of Building Information Model, BIM for short, to Building Lifecycle Management, BLM for short. Although in recent years, there have been some successful BIM applications of many engineering projects with some delightful achievements, BIM technology, as well as the full realization of BLM is still long way to go, which also means that many key technologies involved need a thorough study and some major breakthroughs.By introducing BIM technology and for safety analysis and management within building lifecycle, this study proposed a BIM-based BLM framework, as well as IFC (Industrial Foundation Classes) descriptions of several BIMs according to the IFC schema. Then based on the newly developments in collision detection algorithms, time-dependent structural analysis, durability monitoring, discrete event simulation algorithm and so on, four typical safety analysis and management applications within different stages of the building lifecycle are discussed in detail, namely 1) the establishment and sharing of BIM; 2) safety-oriented collaborative design; 3) safety analysis and management during construction; and 4) monitoring and management during operation and maintenance period. Also, all the theories, methodologies and technologies involved, as well as some on-going researches and future directions are discussed. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness are verified by some real projects.The results show that information generated during the building lifecycle can be unifiedly managed by the help of BIM. This provides new management ideas and tools for safety issues within building lifecycle, to solve problems of information sharing and delivering, such as information island and information fault. The meaningful and promising results may improve safety performance within building lifecycle and accelerate the informalization of construction industry, especially in the aspects of ensuring the consistency of safety information and improving the efficiency of safety information use.

建筑业是我国职业安全事故率仅次于采矿业的工业部门，事故起数和死亡人数居高不下。因此，加强施工期冲突与安全分析管理，具有重大的社会和经济意义。然而长期以来，这个涉及人民生命财产安全的重要领域，一直缺乏科学、有效的管理工具。如何从根本上改变这一落后局面，以新的理论和管理方法为手段，实现建筑项目的现代化集成管理已经成为目前亟待解决的关键问题。基于上述需求，本研究综合应用建筑信息模型（Building Information Model，BIM）、4D技术、时变结构分析、过程模拟、预测评价和碰撞检测等领域的知识和最新成果，面向设计和施工阶段的信息共享和重用，描述了施工过程冲突和安全分析管理的总体需求和整体解决方案，提出了建筑子信息模型（sub-Building Information Model，sub-BIM）的概念，并建立了4D施工安全信息模型。基于此sub-BIM，着重研究了施工过程时变结构和支撑体系的动态安全分析、进度/资源/成本费用的冲突分析与管理、以及场地设施碰撞检测的相关理论和关键技术，并详细论述其实现的流程与集成方法。在此基础上，进行了应用系统的需求分析、功能设计、架构设计、数据库设计以及程序设计，采用面向对象编程方法开发了基于BIM的建筑工程4D施工管理及安全分析系统（4D-GCPSU 2009），并通过工程实例对系统的可行性和有效性进行验证，从而为施工现场提供新的安全分析手段和管理工具。本研究的成果表明：通过引入BIM和4D技术，建立4D施工安全信息模型，可实现建筑设计、结构分析和施工管理三个领域的信息共享与集成管理，为BIM的创建和集成应用探索了可行的理论和方法。同时，本研究能将建筑施工过程模拟、4D施工管理和施工过程安全分析集成，为解决建筑施工冲突与安全问题提供新的理论、方法和技术，为复杂理论和方法的工程应用奠定技术基础，对于满足建筑安全生产的实际需求，改变建筑施工安全管理手段落后的局面，提高安全水平具有重要理论意义和广阔的应用前景。

The accident rate of building industry and the numbers of accidents and deaths remain high. It is of great social and economic significance to strengthen the construction safety analysis and management. However, there has been a lack of scientific and effective management tool for a long time in this important area that involves people's lives and property. It has become an important problem demanding prompt solution to achieve the information-based integrated construction management by new theories and approaches in order to change the backward situation fundamentally. In view of the current situation, for the purpose of information sharing and reuse between design and construction phases within building lifecycle, based on newly developments in Building Information Model (BIM), 4D technology, time-dependent structure analysis, construction simulation, collision detection and so on, the concept of sub-Building Information Model (sub-BIM) is proposed and the 4D Construction Safety Information Model is described and established according to the overall solution of analysis and management for conflict and safety problems during construction. Based on this sub-BIM, the integration of dynamic safety analysis of time-dependent structure and scaffold system, conflict analysis and management of schedule/resources/ cost, and collision detection of site facilities is studied. Theories and key technologies for the integration mechanism are detailed discussed. Then a BIM-and-4D-based analysis and management system for conflict and safety problems during construction named 4D-GCPSU 2009 is developed. By real project-applications, the feasibility and effectiveness of the system are verified to be a new tool for construction management, providing new safety analysis approaches. The achievements of this research have indicated that through the establishment of the 4D Construction Safety Information Model by inducting BIM and 4D technology, information sharing and integrated management among three areas, i.e., architectural design, structural analysis and construction can be implemented. This also provides a feasible theory and methodology for the establishment and integrated applications of BIM. Furthermore, this study proposes a new approach for conflict and safety analysis during construction by integration of construction simulation, 4D construction management and safety analysis. The approach lays a foundation for the popularization of the complicated theories and methodologies. It also has important theoretical significance and wide application prospect in meeting the needs of safe construction, changing the backward situation and improving the safety level during construction.

国家体育场是北京2008年奥运会的主体育场。作为该工程总承包的北京城建集团肩负着组织和实施工程建设的重任。因为体育场结构复杂、规模庞大，施工难度大，加上建设工期十分紧迫，所以如何高效而高质的施工是本项工程的关键。为了确保国家体育场工程高效、优质地顺利进行，关键在于应用高新技术，对施工方案进行科学的优化、对施工过程进行严格的管理和控制。本课题研究将建筑施工4D管理系统应用于国家体育场工程，采用CATIA建立钢结构网盖的精确三维模型，并将模型细分，通过转换成3ds max 的STL格式文件，再转换成DWG文件，成功导入到AutoCAD和4D-GCPSU 2005中；通过对国家体育场施工方案的深入分析和了解，结合4D-CAD技术，采用动画演示和4D显示方式实现了国家体育场施工方案可视化模拟；课题研究还将Augmented SDESA系统应用于国家体育场工程，建立了与工程实际符合的施工过程模型，对钢结构吊装过程及其资源控制进行模拟和方案比较，并通过系统优化功能的扩充，实现了施工方案的资源优化，取得了较好的成果，为国家体育场施工方制定施工方案提供了定量的参考意见。本课题研究针对国家体育场工程的实际需求，综合应用先进的计算机技术，所取得的研究成果在实际应用中得到了充分的肯定，对于实现节约施工资源消耗、提高施工效率、缩短施工工期的目标，具有研究和应用价值。

The National Stadium is the main stadium of the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. The Beijing Chengjian Corporation, which is the chief contractor, is in charge of organizing and implementing the project. It is Crucial to complete the construction efficiently and high-qualitatively since The National Stadium has complex structure, large construct scale, high difficulty in construction and pressure time. To ensure that the project be under construction efficiently and with high quality, it is important to manage the project with high technology and optimize the construction method.Our researches focus on the application of the 4D-GCPSU 2005 in the National Stadium project. We set up the exactitude 3D-Model of its steel structure in CATIA and convert the model to DWG data files, which can be read by AutoCAD and used by 4D-GCPSU 2005. By using the technology of 4D-CAD we also implement animation of virtual construction and the 4D-display. Also we set up the construction process model in SDESA. By simulating the construction process, comparing different construction methods and optimizing the construction method, we can give out valuable and quantitative ideas for construction managers. The result is satisfying.This research combines advanced computer technology with the construction of the National Stadium to achieve the aims of reducing construction resources, improving construction efficiency and shortening the duration of the project.